Browsing by Author "Geremew Haile"

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    Investigation on Trematodes of Ruminants: Current Status, Snail Intermediate Hosts, And Community Knowledge in and around Bishoftu, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024) Abraham Diriba; Geremew Haile
    The occurrence of trematode infections in ruminants, facilitated by their snail intermediate hosts, poses a major concern across the diverse agro ecological regions of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in and around Bishoftu town from November 2023 to April 2024 to determine the current prevalence of trematode infections and associated risk factors in ruminants, identify snail intermediate hosts of trematodes and determine their infectivity through the emergence of cercariae, and assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of farmers regarding the prevention and traditional management of trematode infections. A total of 336 fecal samples were collected from cattle, sheep, and goats and subjected to copromicroscopic examination. 400 snails were collected, identified and examined for cercarial shedding. The copromicroscopic examination revealed an overall prevalence of 11.61% trematode infections in the study animals. Logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors such as species, age, body condition score (BCS), and season had significant associations with overall trematode infections. The identified genera were Fasciola (8.93%) and Paramphistomum (4.46%), with coinfection of 1.79%. Sheep had higher infection of Fasciola compared to goats and cattle, which was statistically significant (OR = 7.713, 95% CI: 2.197-27.076, p = 0.001). Cattle had higher Paramphistomum infection than sheep and goat which was statistically significant (OR = 18.403, 95% CI: 2.111-160.375, p = 0.008). Young animals had higher Paramphistomum infection compared to old animals (OR = 14.786, 95% CI: 2.295-95.276, p = 0.005). Poor body condition animals were more affected than those with medium and good body condition for both Fasciola (OR = 12.27, 95% CI: 3.097- 48.118, p = 0.000) and Paramphistomum (OR = 6.277, 95% CI: 1.147-34.363, p = 0.034). The semi-dry season was associated with higher Fasciola infection compared to dry season (OR = 3.265, 95% CI: 1.307-8.155, p = 0.011). The malacology study involved the collection of 400 snails, and revealed Lymnaea natalensis (37%), Physa spp (21.25%), Bulinus truncatus (15.75%), Lymnaea truncatula (10%), Biomphalaria pfeifferi (9.5%), and Bulinus africanus (6.5%). The overall cercarial rate of infection of snails was 7.75%, with the highest rate of infection observed in Lymnaea natalensis (13.51%), and followed by Bulinus truncatus (11.11%). Rate of infections varied significantly by species (χ² = 18.76, p = 0.002), habitat type, with ponds having the highest rate (13.48%) (χ² = 15.6, p = 0.004), and season, with higher rates during the semi-dry season (12%) compared to the dry season (3.5%) (χ² = 10.11, p = 0.001). The quiestionnaire survey revealed that there was significant associations (p <0.05) between education level and KAP of farmers; gender and age with knowledge of farmers about trematode infections. In conclusion, the study provided important insights into the epidemiology of trematode infections in the study area and strategic deworming to reduce pasture contamination with flukes and snail control is needed.
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    Major Metacestodes of Sheep and Goats Slaughtered at three Selected Export Abattoirs in Central Oromia: Prevalence, Cyst Characterization, Assessment of Financial Losses and Public Awareness about Metacestodes and their Risk Factors
    (2019-06) Geremew Haile; Yacob Hailu
    In small ruminants metacestodes are important as a main cause of organs and meat condemnation contributing to a significant financial loss and they cause human diseases, especially in poor and developing countries. A cross sectional study was conducted between November 2018 and March 2019 with the aim of determining the prevalence, organ distribution, fertility rate, cyst burden and assessing financial losses and public awareness of metacestodes in sheep and goats slaughtered at selected export abattoirs in central Oromia. Routine ante-mortem and post-mortem examination were conducted for the presence of metacestodes. Post-mortem examination was conducted through visual inspection, palpation and systemic incision of each visceral organ particularly the lungs, kidneys, liver, spleen, heart, omentum, mesentery, and striated muscles. In this study, Cysticercus ovis, Cysticercus tenuicollis and hydatid cyst in small ruminants slaughtered at Bishoftu Abyssinia, Elfora and Modjo Allana abattoirs were detected with the overall prevalence of 29.2 % (224/768). Of 384 goats examined, 8 (2.1%), 44 (11.5%) and 33 (8.6%) were found to be infected with C. ovis, C. tenuicollis and hydatid cysts, respectively with over all prevalence of 85 (22.1%). Similarly a total prevalence of 139 (36.2%), 22 (5.7%), 64 (16.7%) and 53 (13.8%) were detected in 384 sheep carcass examined with similar pattern of metacestodes species. Statistically significant variation of infection rate was seen between body condition and agro ecology of animals (P<0.05). In this study, cyst count shows 436 total cysts (34 C. ovis, 239 C. tenuicollis and 163 hydatid cysts) were counted in total infected small ruminants: in sheep 247 (56.7%) and goats 189 (43.3%). Organ distribution shows the infection with C. ovis was only found in the heart, while C. tenuicollis in slaughtered sheep and goats was found mainly in the omentum. Hydatid cysts had a tendency to be located more in the lungs than liver and kidneys. The difference between infections rate of organs was significantly different (p<0.05). Similarly cyst characterization shows, fertile and viable cysts were 87 (19.9%) and 44 (10.1%) in sheep and 58 (13.3%) and 23 (5.2%), in goats respectively. In both animals, high fertile and viable cysts of C. tenuicollis were found in omentum while that of hydatid cysts were found in lungs. Cyst size measurement on a total of none calcified C. tenuicollis in goats (105) and sheep (130) shows, 32 and 28 were small, 51 and 65 medium and 22 and 37 large in size in goats and sheep respectively. Similarly, out of none calcified hydatid cysts in goats (59) and sheep (85), 15 and 20 were small, 35 and 47 medium and 9 and 18 large in size, respectively. All 34 none calcified C. ovis cysts were small in both species. In this study; an overall annual financial losses due to organ condemnation from total infected small ruminants was estimated to be: 1036505 ETB (37018USD): hydatid cysts 638265 (22795.2), C. tenuicollis 325345 (11619.4) and 72895 ETB (2603.4USD) C. ovis. Large dog population, dogs free all the time, widespread stray dogs, free access of dogs to offal, inappropriate disposal of offal, large number of free grazing goat and sheep, inadequate animal health services especially worm control are major predisposing factors which contribute to persisting of the diseases. Majority of the community in this study were at risk to contract the disease due to lack of knowledge on transmission, zoonosis, treatment and control of metacestodes. These results suggest that the occurrence of the metacestodes infection in goats and sheep is a great concern for both medical and veterinary authorities. Thus, the development of effective disease management and awareness creation are required to overcome these problems.
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    Prevalence and Magnitude of Intestinal Nematodes and Anthelmintic Efficacy against these Parasites in Chickens in Bishoftu, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2025) Abdulkerim Yusuf; Geremew Haile
    Poultry production is emerging as a highly developed sector of global food animal production. However intestinal nematode infection is one of significant challenges to the poultry industry due to their health, production and welfare impacts. A crosssectional study design was used to investigate the prevalence and magnitude of intestinal nematode infections in chickens kept under commercial and backyard production systems in the Bishoftu town from November 2024 to June 2025. For this purpose, layer, dual purpose chicken and broiler flocks were included. During sample collection, data such as poultry types, flock size, breed, and management systems were recorded. In addition, anthelminthic efficacy of piperazine and fenbendazole was evaluated. A pooled fecal sample was collected from 210 chicken farms for fecal egg counts and 115 gastrointestinal tracts of chickens were examined for worm counts. The overall prevalence of Ascarid eggs based on Mini FLOTAC technique was found to be 63.8%. Factors such as poultry types and flock management were found to have a statistically significant (p < 0.05) influence on the prevalence of the parasites. Similarly, significant differences (p<0.05) were found in the mean EPG across poultry types and breeds of the flocks. The mean worm counts were nearly similar in layer and dual-purpose chicken for A. galli and H. gallinarum worms, while broilers harbour much lower worm counts. The anthelmintic test results showed that fenbendazole and piperazine are 100% effective at recommended dose via drinking water, indicating that anthelmintic resistance is not concern in the study area. In conclusion, this study strongly suggested that A. galli and H. gallinarum is highly prevalent, which might impact the productivity of the chickens. Therefore, it is essential to implement effective control measures and maintain regular deworming with effective anthelmintics such as fenbendazole and piperazine in poultry farms, to manage intestinal nematodes based on infection intensity.