Browsing by Author "Belete, Habtamu (PhD)"

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    Assessment of Utilization and Determinants of Antenatal and Delivery Care Services in Bahir Dar Special Zone: A Community Based Study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2008-07) Shegaw, Tarik; Belete, Habtamu (PhD)
    A large number of women are dying due to factors related to pregnancy and child birth in developing countries. Antenatal care and delivery care is potentially the most effective health in tervention for prevent ing maternal morbidity and mortality particu larly in Ethiopia where the general hea lth status of women is poor. However, the uti lization of anten atal care and deli very care IS low. In light of this consideration, a community based cross-sect ional study on the ut il ization and determinant of antenatal and delivery care services was conducted in Bahir Dar special zone, Amhara National Regional State. The study was undertaken on samp le of 660 women who give bi rth in the last fi ve years preceding the survey. Quantitative as well as qu alitative clata co ll ection method was employed. The study fo und that the prevalence of delivery and antenatal care service utili zat ion was abo ut 46% and 32% respect ively. The bi vari ate and the multivari ate ana lys is showed signi ficant associat ion between ut ili zat ion of the serv ices and socio-cultural and demographic variab les. Residence, decision-making power, media, awareness, marital status and education has showed signi ficant association with the ut ili zation of antenatal care. Ut ilization of safe ch ild del ivery care was also significantly assoc iated with parity, deci sion-making power, med ia, age at last birth , awareness and ed ucat ion. Some of the rea sons for not using the service were responsibility in the household , absence of serious il lness. financia l constraint, absence of awareness, long wait ing time to get the services, bad ex perience with the health care system and di stance to the health care system. In co nclu sion , utili zation of antenatal and de livery care services was positi ve ly affected with edu cat ion, women deci sion-mak ing power, exposure to media, and awareness about the benetit of the se rvice. Moreover, antenata l care was found to have a positive effect in utili zing deli very care. Based on the above findin gs, it has been recommended that planners must give attention to mothers in creating awareness about its essentiality and positive attitude towards the service by increasing its quality. Bes id es, enhancing women decision-making power and th eir educational level has been suggested to make women use the matern ity care serv ices.
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    Contraceptive Use Among Urban and Rural Women in Debre Tabor Town Administration, South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Abegaz, Alemu; Belete, Habtamu (PhD)
    The obj ective of the study is to examine the levels of contraceptive use of women of childbearing age in Debre Tabor Town administration, South Gondar zone, Amhara Region The contraceptive use of 630 (296 sub-urban and 334 urban) women of childbearing age (15-49 years) and some correlates of contraceptive use in the study area have been dealt. The main rationale of the study includes assessing and determining the level of contraceptive use and the reasons for use and non-use of cOl1lraceplive methods and provides institutions with opportunities for inteervention in contraceptive lise. The sllldy is cross-sectional study design employing both quantitative and qualitative methods. The current contraceptive use of the study area is 34.3 % (38.02% for the urban residents, 30.07% for the sub-urban residents) whereas the ever use of contraceptives was 39. 7%. Current contraceptive lise by age indicates that there is high contraceptive use in the age group 25-34 years compared to 15-24 and 35 + age groups. In addition, the main results of the chi-square test and binOlY logistic model revealed that contraceptive use is significantly affected by the number of living children, desire for more children, educational level of women, work status of women and media exposures. The knowledge of any method of contraceptive was 94%. The commonly used methods of COl1lraceptives in the study area include injectables followed by pills, condoms and nO/plants for women The two main purposes of using contraceptives include spacing for children (50%) and limiting for children (33.3%) and other reasons (16. 7%).Spacing dominates over limiting. The most important reasons for non-use include method related reasons followed by fertility related and opposition related reason of the total non-users reasons. On the part of the conclusion, women as a whole have low contraceptive use. Finally,the recommendations of the study forwarded include promotion of lEC, provision of forums, debates, trainings, workshops, discussions, experience sharing, educating women and providing option for women, providing education on the benefits of small family size and family planning, and enhancing females decision making and autonomy.
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    Determinants of Unmet Need for Family Planning Among Currently Married Women in Kobbo Woreda, North-East of Amhara
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Molla, Getahun; Belete, Habtamu (PhD)
    The level of unmel need for FP for Africa is Ihe highest of all continenls of the world. Besides ils importance in meeting demographic goals, meeting the need of wOlI/en with ullmel need is believed to protect women from the health risk of unwanted pregnancy and provides them Ihe opportunity 10 improve their own lives. The objective of the study was to examine the underlying facial's of unmet need for fa lllily planning among currently married Wall/en of reproductive age in Kobbo woreda. A community based cross sectional study was employed. A multi-stage sampling procedure was carried oul 10 interview 692 women in Ihe sludy area. Quantitative as well as qualitative data were obtained using struclured questionnaires, focus group discussions and key informants interview. Univariate, bi-variate and multivariate technique were used in the analysis. Demographic, socio-econolllic and family planning variables were used as explanatOlY variables while the dependent variable is ulllnet need for family planning. Most women 681 (98. 4%) knew 01 least one modern FP method. Aroulld 58% of wall/en have never discussed wilh husbands about issues concerningfamily planning. It is also indicated thai 52.6% of women have never discussed with health workers and 47.4% of women have discussed with health workers at least once in the past three 1II0nths. Regarding Ihe need status fur family planning, 47.3% of women have unmet need for family planning and 38% of women have met Iheir need (currenlly using contraceptives). Unmet need for family planning is highest among women who are in the early reproduclive age (I5-24), who have no educQ(ion, live in rural areas, who got nWI-ried before the legal age at first marriage «18), have more number of living children (5 and above), have no or /illie knowledge of FP and have never discussed FP issues with their husband and health workers. Age at first marriage, number of living children, spousal discussion and discussion with health workers abouL family plwllIing were fO l11ld to be the most ill/portanl detenninanlS of I/Umetneedforfall/ily planning in the study area. The study recommends that integrated falllily planning information, education and communication programs and stralegies aiming at encouraging comillunication between couples, changing husband's altitude and their active involvement in the program; expand access to family planning services in rural areas and ill/prove contraceptive method mix could possibly help to address wOlllen wilh In,,net need. Moreover, discussion of women with health workers, particularly heallh extension workers, and improving age at marriage could effectively reduce the level of III/met need.
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    Determinants of Willingness to Utilize Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV Among Pregnant Women in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Shiferaw, Tsion; Belete, Habtamu (PhD)
    Mother to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) is the major source of HIV infection among children under the age of 15 years. This can occur during pregnancy, labour and delivery, or breast/eeding. Interventions to prevent mother-to-child transmission of the HIV virus (PMTCT) are now an important part of HIVIAIDS reduction programs worldwide. In Ethiopia the PMTCT program was first launched in 2003 and is being scaled up across the country. The P MTCT program was launched in Addis Ababa in 2004 with an opt-in approach then shifted in to an opt-out approach since August 2006. The objective of this study is to assess willing to utilize the PMTCT services and to identify determinants of the PMTCT service utilization in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study which employed both quantitative and qualitative data collection method was conducted from March to April 2010 in Addis Ababa from the selected hospitals. For the quantitative section, a standardized questionnaire was prepared while Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and key informants interview were conducted to collect qualitative data. A total of 650 pregnant women in five hospitals in the city participated in the study. The collected data were edited, entered, cleaned and analyzed using descriptive statistics and multi variate analysis with SPSS version 16. The finding revealed that, the mean age of the respondents are 25.5 years, 53.1% of the respondents were willing to utilize the P MTCT service. The reasons given by the pregnant women for not willing 10 utilize the PMTCT service were found to be; they did not believe that ARV prophylaxis is effective, lack of knowledge,fear of being identified as P LWHA by people, their husbands were not willing to utilize the P MTCT service and religiOn/cultural reasons. Around 70% had enough knowledge about the PMTCT service. Regarding partners ' attitude 68.9% of the husband had positive attitude aboUl the utilization of the PMTCT service., 46.3% percent of pregnant women who discussed with their husband about the existence of PMTCT service and Educational status and family monthly income were positively associated with willing to utilize PMTCT service. Based on the above findings, women should be empowered through education, PMTCT programs should give emphasis on involvement of male partners, intensive education to both pregnant women and their partners on prenatal HIV transmission, improvement of health service (delivery and antenatal care) and stigma and discriminations should be addressed through strong information, education and communication.
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    Levels, Differentials and Determinants of Malnutrition Among Women in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2008-06) Haddis, Fikrewold; Belete, Habtamu (PhD)
    The millennium development goal (MDG 5) of reducing maternal mortality by three quarters between 1990 and 2015 is highly related with poor women 's nutritional stalus. Poor malernal nutrition is directly associaled wilh mOlher's resistance to infeclion or malernal ill heallh during pregnancy and child birth. Therefore providing obstetric care alone is nol going 10 be enough solution for Ihe problem, unless olherwise poor women 's nutritional stalus is resolved. In depth understanding women's nulritional slalus is therefore crucial in any attempl 10 allain Ihe goal of reducing malernal mortality level and food security. In this regard, Ihis study examines the levels, differentials and determinants of malnutrition among women in Ethiopia. The main purpose of Ihe study is to assess the levels, socio-economic and demographic differentials and to analyse their determinants. The paper uses the large data set from the 2005 Ethiopian demographic and health survey on 4080 non pregnant and non lactaling women aged 15-49 in rural and urban parts of the country. Women 's body mass index (Kg/m2) is used for the purpose of analysing women's nutrilional stalus and those wilh BMI value less than 18.5 are at risk of chronic energy deficiency (eED). Logistic regression model was employed at multivariate analysis to idenlifY importanl delerminant factors of women's malnulrition. The silidy reveals that 27. 6 percenl of Ihe women are malnourished of which 23.1 percent are moderalely and 4.5 percenl are severely deprived. Levels were almost 2 times higher in rural areas than urban areas. The study identifies women's age, parity, currenl marilal stalus, place of residence, region, house hold economic slatus, occupation and women decision making all/onomyas imporlanl factors in explaining Ihe varialion in women's nulri/ional sla/us. In rural areas non educaled women in Ihe age group 15-19 and 45-49, living in regions Tigray,Gambella Amhara Ben-shangul Gumuz and Somali are found /0 be under nourished. In urban areas where as never married and divorced women, wilh poor and velY poor household economic slalus living in regions Tigray and Gambella are al risk. Hence 10 improve Ihe silualion Ihe Policy should focus on crealing mechanisms and opporlunilies to increase agricullural produclion and women's educalion as well as providing beller access 10 heallh care, particularly, in rural
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    Parental Characteristics and Youth's Sexual Behavior in Bahir Dar Town, Northwestern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Necho, Ambanesh; Belete, Habtamu (PhD)
    The reproductive and sexual health deci sion of young people has several adverse SOCIOdemographic. economic, and health consequences. Understanding of youth sexual behavior in relation to parental characteristics is very crucial. A cross sectional survey on parental characteristics and sexual behavior of school youth was conducted in Bahir Dar town, Northwestern Ethiopia to examine the influence of parental characteristics on youth sexual behavior. Data were gathered through structured questionnaire from a total of 766 school yo uth aged 15-24 years old and further supported by qualitative data from focus group discussion and in depth interview of key informantsThe study found that 297(38.8%) of youth had sexual experience, of which 51 .5 percent were females. The mean age of sexual commencement was 16.3 ± 1.34 years old. Among those who were sexually experienced 43.4 percent of them had multiple sexual partners. Yet, only 32.7 percent of sex ually experienced youth were using condom in their last sex ual experience. Individual characteristics such as age, frequency of religious attendance and living arrangement had significant association with sexual behavior of youth. Similarly, parental characteristics such as religiosity, marital status, education level, house hold income, parentyouth communication and monitoring had showed significant association with sexual behavior of youth. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that the sexual behavior of youth had been significantly con-elates with parental socio-demographic and economic characteristics.On the basis of the above findings, it is recommended that parents should take the responsibility of creating conducive atmosphere where by their youth feel free to discuss issues related to reproductive health in general and sexuality in particular. In formation, education and communication (IEC) programs and concerned organizations in the area of reproductive health issues need to spend maximum effort to tackle the cultural taboo about parent-youth discussion on sexual matters by both youth and their parents so that youth can be less sex ually experienced. At the same time policy makers and implementing agencies should deserve due attention (n implementing of integrated activities related to the challenges of youth reproductive health.