Browsing by Author "Alemayehu Haile"

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    A Comparative Analysis of The Bureaucratic Structure Between Large And Small Secondary Schools
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Alemayehu Haile; Teshoma Tola
    The concept of Bureaucracy, here, is viewed as a means of Organizing work which permits or encourages coordination. coordination in turn is achieved in hierarchy of graded authority regulated by rules and depersonalizing mechanisms. as such Bureaucracy is not a bed of roses for individuals. It is rather a system of administration which is destined to institutionalize work in organizations. Schools are the basic Organizational units in the educational institutions; they have the role of dividing the work and integrating results. Thus, schools are becoming more bureaucratically structured. It is suggested that, the idea of bureaucratization of schools confirmed, to a considerable degree, Weber's specification of bureaucracy on the basis of their division of labor, their hierarchical structures, their rules and regulations, their procedures and their impersonal treatment based on competence. Hence, the educational version of bureaucracy is seen as a set of six-dimensions.
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    A Comparative Analysis of the Bureaucratic Structure Between Large and Small Secondary Schools
    (Addis Ababa University, 1994-07) Alemayehu Haile; Yalew Ingidayehu
    The concept of bureaucracy, here, is viewed as a means of organizing work which permits or encourages coordination. Coordination in turn is achieved in hierarchy of graded authority regulated by rules and depersonalizing mechanisms. As such bureaucracy is not a bed of roses for individuals. It is rather a system of administration which is destined to institutionalize work In organizations. Schools are the basic organizational units in the educational institutionj they have the role of dividing the work and integrating results. Thus, schools are becoming more bureaucratically structured. It is suggested that, the idea of bureaucratization of schools confirmed, to a considerable degree, Weber's specification of bureaucracy on the basis of their division of labour, their hierarchical structures, their rules and regulations, their procedures and their impersonal treatment based on competence. Hence, the educational version of bureaucracy is seen as a set of six-dimensions. The study comparatively examines the basis of the bureaucratic model, the dimensions of organizations that are chartacterstically cited as bureaucratic attributes by measuring the degree to which these dimensions are present in the two sets of secondary school systems. It is illustrated in the study that a bureaucratic structure is not unitary variable but it is multidimensional and prevalent among the selected twelve secondary schools. The prevalence and emergence of these bureaucratic dimensions are also proved to be that the schools are bureaucratic in a large number of ways. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that size is a determining factor which influences the bureaucratic structures of secondary schools. Thus, all the six-bureaucratic dimensions vary in size. Finally, the causes of disagreement (conflict) and the consequent results that reduced teachers commitment such as, seniority based promotions, lack of reconciliation between the expectations of autonomy and individual responsibility of highly trained professionals with the hierarchy of authorities, are also examined. Based on the previous comments and concluding remark in the study, in the final chapter, the writer forwards some realistic suggestion and recommendation that individual teachers need a certain amount of autonomy if they are tocontribute meaningfully to the obj ecti ves of the schools. Hence, school administrators should allow individual teachers to have enough autonomy to enhance their professional initiative and to encourage the development of positive and fruitful relationships within the school systems . Such necessary leadership styles may result from the recognition of the professional status of teachers and a substantial delegation of responsibility in them, and not from polarization of teachers and directors into 'superiors' and 'inferiors .
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    Identifications of Intestinal Parasites, Salmonella and Shigella Species and Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Fruit Juice Makers in Selected Sub Cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-11) Tsegaye Henok; Desta Kassu ; Alemayehu Haile
    Background: Unpasteurized fruit juices known to cause food poisoning from harmful germssuch as Salmonella, Shigella and gastrointestinal parasites. Fruits are susceptible to differentmicrobes if didn’t prepared practice good hygiene in overall process. Due to that Food bornediseases are the main public health concerns in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective: To identify Intestinal Parasites, Salmonella and Shigella species from consumed localfruit juices sample and juice makers and assessing their Knowledge, Attitude and Practice offruit juice makers. Methods: A Cross-Sectional study was conducted at selected sub cities of Addis Ababa,Ethiopia. Knowledge, Attitude, Practice assessment questionnaire was taken to evaluate the factors to microbial quality and safety of local fruit juices. Different varieties of fruit juices andstool samples from juice makers was collected and examined for microbiological tests fromFebruary 2021 to June 2021.Juice samples were pre-enriched in Buffer Phosphate Waterfollowed by selecting enrichment for isolation, culture, biochemical tests, Becton Dickinsonphoenix analyzers, serotyping were used for confirmation of those pathogens. Antimicrobialsusceptibility tests were also carried out using 10 antibiotic discs on each isolate by using KirbyBauerdiscdiffusio method.ThedatawasenteredintoEpi infversion3.5.4 andanalyzedusingSPSS version23. A p value≤ 0.05 at95% CIwasconsideredasstatisticallysignificant. Results: A Total of 100 fruit juice sample, 100 fruit juice makers fecal samples, 120 KAPassessments were enrolled in the study. The majority study participants were female 108(90%).About 27 (27%) and 17(17%) of juice makers and fruit juice samples were positive for differentintestinal parasites with the most abundant parasite of A. lumbricoides 7(7%) and E.histolytica5(5%) from juice samples and juice makers respectively. Stool and juice cultures revealed 6%and 5% of Salmonella isolates. While Shigella species was not isolated from both sample types.The participants level of knowledge and attitude score were 95.8% and 63.1% and the practice level score were 39.5%. S.Dublin were the only serotype found in both fruit juices and stoolspecimen. All isolates of Salmonella were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol,Sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim, Nalidixic acid, Ceftriaxone and only Gentamycin andTetracycline shows the highest intermediate. But resistant to Erythromycin, Ampicillin,Amoxicillin Clavunilic acid. Conclusion: The results clearly illustrated the fresh juices preparations didn’t meet public healthstandards. They know their work but poor practice indicated. Such foods are responsible tocauses food borne diseases specially carrier to many kinds of intestinal parasites andenteropathogenic bacterias. Therefore, policy makers and implementers must adopt strictmeasures and supervision to the vendors about food safety and hygienic practices to update theguidelines and standards for fruit products preparations. Certain antibiotics for Salmonella fromfecal and non-fecal source gives exceptional result for further study since multiple drugresistance of many antibiotics still differentiated that affect drug viability to Salmonella species.