Browsing by Author "Alemayehu, Mihret"

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    Assessment of Vitamin A, Vitamin B 12 and Iron levels Among Tuberculosis Patients and Co-infected with HIV before and after TB treatment. Longitudinal Cohort study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-10) Alemayehu, Mihret; Wolde, Mistire (PhD)
    Background: Tuberculosis (Tb) is major cause of morbidity and mortality, for millions of peoples worldwide. Of the different risk factors associated with Tb development and progress, deficiency of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), mentioned one. In this regards association of micronutrients during development of Tb and then after Tb treatments scarcely found in Ethiopia. Objective: To assess the level of micronutrients (Vitamin A, Vitamin B12 and Iron) among M. tuberculosis patients with and without HIV confection at baseline and after anti TB treatment. Material and method: This study was conduct on serum samples, collected from M.TB patients with and without HIV infection, attending at different health centers in Addis Ababa. The collected samples were stored at EPHI at - 80 0 C, for about 10 years. Convenient sampling method used to select TB only (87), TB-HIV confection (57), latent TB (25) and healthy controls (21). Socio-demographic data was collected from the previously collected log book. The concentration of Iron and Vitamin B12 was measured by using chemiluminesense method; whereas concentration of retinol measured by using HPLC method. The collected data enter and analyzed by using SPSS statistical software version 20. P-values less than 0.05 considered as statistical significant. Result: of the total 190 participants, about 57 had both TB- HIV (HIV+TB+), 87 had TB only (HIV-TB+), 25 had latent TB (HIV-TST+) and 21 healthy controls (TB-HIV-) were are included in the study. The median age of study participants in each study groups with inter quartile range, 30(28-38) years in TB-HIV, 27 (21-32) years in TB only, 23(20-31) years in latent and 24(20-27) years were in healthy controls. Female study participants had major proportions in all cases, except in TB-HIV cases where males were dominant. The concentration of vitamin A, Vitamin B 12 and Iron had significant difference before and after Tb treatments both in Tb patients with and without HIV-co-infections. But these differences was not seen when Tb only patients (at 0 and after 6 month therapy) micronutrient concentrations compared with Tb with HIV co infected patients (at 0 and 6 months after treatments. On the other hand there was statistical significant different between M0 Tb patients with and without HIV co-infections compared with latent Tb and healthy controls on Iron, Vitamin A and Vitamin B12 concentration, while theses difference becomes non-significant after 6 months of Tb therap Conclusion and recommendation: The present study demonstrated that micronutrient deficiencies may related with development of Tb diseases. Measurement of Micronutrients for those latent Tb patients might indicate the progress of overt Tb developments. Thus, micronutrient supplements during Tb treatment might help to enhance Tb cure rates for those Tb patients. But still large scale active longitudinal studies need to undertake to consolidates the present findings. Key word: Tuberculosis, Vitamin B 12, Retinol, Iron, Micronutrients
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    Studies on the the Distribution and some Management Options of Bean bruchids, Acanthoscelides obtectus Say (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) on Faba Bean Grains (Vicia faba L.) in North Western Amhara, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Alemayehu, Mihret; Getu, Emana (Professor))
    Faba bean is one of the most important cultivated legume crops in the world that substitutes meat due to its high protein contents. Bruchids are damaging the grains starting from field to storage. A study was conducted in Amhara Region to assess bruchids distribution and species composition, to determine the time when bean bruchids start infesting faba beans in the field, to screen out effective botanicals against A. obtectus and to determine safe moisture (5-5.5%, 9-9.5, 11-11.5, 14-14.5, 16-16.5 and 20-20.5%) contents for faba bean grain storage. Day one old unsexed newly emerged bruchids were artificially infested on various stages of faba bean pods in the field and in laboratory experiments. Infested pods were followed to observe the sensitive stages of the pods due to A. obtectus infestation at opened matured pods, closed matured pods, bean grains reached for consumption, two weeks before harvest, first emerged pods and free matured pods with no grains. Seeds of botanical oils and various levels of moisture contents were evaluated to manage bruchids. The number of bruchid eggs, number of emerged progenies, number of perforated grains (pods), grain weight loss and developmental period of bruchids were recorded. Data were analyzed by SAS software version 9.2 and MS Excel 07. Hundred percent of the faba bean grain samples collected from various Districts were infested by bruchids. The bruchid species were Callosobruchus chinensis (86.25%), A. obtectus (76.25%) and Bruchus pisorum (33.75%). The Parent A. obtectus were laid significantly higher number of eggs on opened matured pods (20.8±4.34) and closed matured pods (16.5±1.3). All the the faba bean pods were free from bruchid eggs and no progenies emerged from first emerged pods and free matured pods with no grains. Four days after treatment application, 100% of the parent A. obtectus killed in ethiothion 5% dust and oil treated grains indicating the fast knock down effect of the treatments. Statistically lower number of eggs and bean bruchid progenies recorded from ethiothion 5% dust and oil treated grains than the acetone treated and the untreated grains. Treatments like Noug (Guizotia abyssinica L), Rape seed (Brassica napus L.) and Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were the top effective botanical oils to control A. obtectus parents and their progenies. There was no progenies emerged and egg laid at 5-5.5% grain moisture content, while 393±5.86 eggs were recorded at 20-20.5% grain moisture content. The highest faba bean grain weight loss was recorded to 18.6%±1.87 at 20-20.5% grain moisture content. About 98.3% of the grains germinated and developmental periods of the A. obtectus extended for additional 17.5 days at 9-9.5% moisture content. From the current study, it can be concluded that bruchids distributed in all study areas. Opened matured pods were the sensitive stages of A. obtectus infestation both in the field and laboratory studies. Oils inhibited emergence of A. obtectus from 71.7+2.56%-100% and grain moisture content ranging from 9% to 11.5% were safe for faba bean grain storage. Botanical oils and faba bean grain moisture adjustments can control bruchids that used as a component of IPM techniques to manage bruchids. Key words’:- Bruchids, Acanthoscelides obtectus, infestation, progenies, egg, grain, pod, oil, moisture