Browsing by Author "Aklilu Feleke"

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    Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Camel Raw Milk in Selected Pastorial Kebeles, Fentale District, Oromfya Region, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Aklilu Feleke; Tesfaye Sisay
    The current study was undertaken to assess the bacteriological quality of raw camel milk and to isolate and identify prevalent bacterial species from raw camel milk from study areas. A total of 420 milk samples (384 from lactating camels and 36 from milking utensils) were collected from August 2011 to April 2012. An observational study was conducted to gain an insight on pre-harvest. harvest and post-harvest milk hygiene practices. The standard plate count and coliform count as well as isolation and identification of bacteria from camel milk were carried out by employing standard microbiological techniques. The mean standard plate count for milk sample taken from the udder of' lactating camels and milking utensils were 4.30 log10 CFU/ml and 5.34 log10 CFU/ml, respectively. A statistically significance difference was observed between the two means (P= 0.000). The mean coliform count of milk samples collected from the udder of lactating camels and milking utensils were 0.98 log10 CFU/ml and 3.57 log10 CFU/mI. respectively. There was also a statistically significant difference between the two mean (P=0.000). Clinically mastitic udder have role as a source of' Staphylococus aureus,S.hicu,.Streptococcus galactic. S. dysgalactia. Enlerococcus faecalis. Bacillus spp Eschericia coli and Mannheimia hemolytica in camel milk. Subclinical mastitis acts as a source of contamination for microbes such as Staphylococcus. aureus, S. hyicus, S. intermedius. Enterobacter aerogenes,Escherichia coli and Cyanobacteria spp .. Likewise, milk form the also yielded several bacteria which included S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, S. uberis, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas spp .. On the other hand, milking utensils served as an important source of' Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis. A higher bacterial counts was observed in milk samples taken from milking utensils as compared to the milk samples collected directly from the udder indicating poor milk hygiene/ manufacturing practices. The prevalence of infectious mastitis can result in reduced milk yield and poor quality of milk. In addition, consumption of' raw camel milk by herdsmen may pose considerable health hazards
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    Isolation, Identification, Antimicrobial Sensitivity Test and Public Awareness of Salmonella from Raw Goat Meat Slaughtered at Dire Dawa Municipal Abattoir, Eastern Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Beshatu Ferede; Aklilu Feleke
    A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2014 to April 2014 on 249 apparently healthy slaughtered goats at municipal abattoir of Dire Dawa. Since there is no report on the status of Salmonella, the study was conducted with the objectives, to isolate, identify, estimate the prevalence, to delineate the antimicrobial sensitivity and assess public awareness on Salmonella. A total of 249 goat carcass swab were systematically collected and examined for the presence of Salmonella following the standard techniques and procedures. Out of the total of 249 carcass swab samples, 44 (17.7%) were positive to Salmonella. Of all isolates, 43(97.7%) were multiple antimicrobial resistant and highest level of resistance was observed for tetracycline (100%), nitrofurans (100%), streptomycine (81.8%) and kanamycin (79.5%). However, all isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The knowledge, attitude and practices of goat meat handlers and consumers were found poor. Therefore, goat meat provided to the city was found less hygienic and not safe for human consumption. Thus, urgent intervention program is essential to minimize the risk associated with consumption of goat meat contaminated with Salmonella. Finally, the authors recommended that the use of standardized procedures in slaughtering and handling of goat meat, provision of training on best practice of handling of meat for handlers and raising the level of awareness of people.
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    Occurrence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella Isolated from Pigs Slaughtered in Bishoftu and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Musse Tadesse; Aklilu Feleke
    Salmonellosis is considered one of the most widespread food-borne zoonoses in industrialized as well as developing countries. The presence of Salmonella in food animals at slaughter and the consequent cross-contamination of edible carcass tissues present a significant food safety hazard. A cross sectional study was conducted from March, 2014 to May, 2014; to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella isolated from apparently healthy slaughtered Pigs and from the environment at slaughterhouses. A total of 583 samples (from Mesenteric Lymph nodes, Ceacal content, carcass swabs and abattoir environment) were analyzed for presence of Salmonella. Isolation and identification of Salmonella organisms was carried out by using the standard guidelines given by ISO-66579-3 (ISO, 66579-3: 2003). Of the 120 Mesenteric lymph node and Caecal content samples examined 58 (48.3%) mesenteric lymph node and 50 (41.7%) caecal content samples were detected Salmonella positive, respectively. Of the carcass swab samples Salmonella isolates were recovered from 16 (16 %) samples. Out of the 243 environmental samples (Personnel‟s hand, Eviscerating knife, Skin surface, De-hairing/Shaving material and Scalding water) from the slaughtering line, the highest rate of Salmonella was recovered from the skin surface 20 (34.5%), followed by De-hairing/Shaving materials 8(13.8%) and Eviscerating knife 7 (12.1%). Out of 167 Salmonella isolates tested for eight antimicrobials, all the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 85% were resistant for more than one antimicrobial. Of which, 31.7% isolates were resistant to 2 antimicrobials; 24.5% were resistant to 3 antimicrobials; 19.2% isolates were resistant to 4 antimicrobials and 9.5% were resistant to 5 antimicrobials. The result of this study show that the wide spread of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in apparently healthy slaughtered pigs and the abattoir environment which may pose a significant public health risk. Improving hygienic measures in the pork production chain is necessary in order to reduce the level of Salmonella infection in animals and the associated public health threats. Further large scale studies should be carried out to describe the risk factors associated with the emergence of drug resistant Salmonella and control of their spread across the country.
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    Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Escherichia Coli O157:H7 in Goat Slaughtered in Dire Dawa Municipal Abattoir as Well as Food Safety Knowledge, Attitude and Hygiene Practice Assessment among Slaughter Staff, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Fitsum Dulo; Aklilu Feleke
    Escherichia coli O157:H7 serotype is worldwide zoonotic pathogens responsible for the majority of severe cases of human enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli O157:H7 in goat slaughtered at Dire Dawa municipal abattoir, Ethiopia. A total of 235 samples were collected from cecal contents, carcass and environment sample (slaughter house worker’s hand, knife and carcass wash water) as 93, 93 and 49, respectively through the months of January and April. E. coli O157:H7 was identified by the method slightly modified to ISO 16654:2001.The samples were initially enriched in modified trypticase broth containing novobiocin supplement, followed by plating onto sorbitol MacConkey agar. Consequently, the suspected non-sorbitol fermenting (NSF) colonies were confirmed as E. coli biochemically using indole test and selected for serotyping. Out of 235 samples collected, the overall prevalence of 2.55% (comprising of 2.15%, 3.22% and 2.04 of cecal contents, carcass swab and environmental samples respectively) had positive results for Dryspot E. coli O157 latex test kit (Oxoid, DR120M). Eighteen different antibiogram belonging to 10 pharmacological groups including ampicillin, amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin,cefuroxime Sodium, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, norafloxacin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, sulfonamides cpds, tetracycline were used for antimicrobial susceptibility test. Resistance to erythromycin was noted in all of the isolates (100%, n=6/6). Most of E. coli O157:H7 isolates also showed high resistance to ampicillin (83.3%, n=5/6) and moderate resistance to nitrofurantoin (50%, n=3/6). All the isolates were resistant to at least two of the antibiotics tested. No isolated E. coli O157:H7 strain resistance noted to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime sodium, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. This study concludes that the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli O157:H7 multiple antibiotic resistant profiles in goat slaughtered at Dire Dawa municipal abattoir and this may show a risk for public health and food safety. Regulatory control of antibiotics usage in livestock production, meat hygiene and pharmaco-epidemiological surveillance in food animals is hereby recommended to ensure consumer safety.
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    The Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Species from Exotic Chicken Eggs in Alage and Surrounding Towns, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Solomon Tsegaye; Aklilu Feleke
    This study was carried out from November 2012 to April 2013 to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Salmonellaisolated from exotic chicken egg from Alage, Ziway and Shashemene farms. Two samples, from shell and content were taken from a single egg. Then pre-enrichment with buffered peptone water, enrichment with RV broth, plating on XLD and BGA agar were done. After that, positive samples transferred in to nutrient agar and biochemical tests (TSI agar, urea broth, lysine decarboxylation and indole test were done. From 196 eggs a total of 392 samples were taken and 52 (13.3%) were found to be positive of Salmonella. From these 52 positive samples 30 (7.7%) were from egg shell and 22 (5.6%) were from egg content.The total prevalence of Salmonella varied among the farming systems. The prevalence of Salmonellain egg content from semi-intensive farm (10%) was significantly higher than the prevalence of Salmonellafrom intensive farm (3.4%). The prevalence of Salmonella in egg shell from semi-intensive farm (11.5%) was also significantly higher than the prevalence of Salmonella in egg content from intensive farm (5.7%).The difference in prevalence observed between egg shell (7.7%) and egg content (5.6%) was having statistically significant difference.All the 52 Salmonella isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test, using elevendifferent antimicrobials. Of these only one isolate was resistant to Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxon. Ampicillin is highly resisted (55.8%) followed by Tetracycline (36.5%), Naldixic acid (30.8%) and Sulphamethoxin-trimethoprim (30.8%).
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    Seroprevalence of Small Ruminant Brucellosis and its Public Health Awareness in Selected Two Districts of Afar Region, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Anteneh Hailu; Aklilu Feleke
    Between Nov. 2013 and Apr.2014, a serological study was conducted on small ruminants to determine the prevalence of brucellosis, identify risk factors and its public health implication. A total of 1190 blood samples collected from sheep and goat populations in Chifra and Ewa woredas (876 caprine and 314 ovine), 155 (13%) tested positive using mRBPT. Further testing of the positive reactors with CFT confirmed that 147(12.35%) samples were positive for brucella infection. The results revealed that among the risk factors considered in the analysis, species, sex, age, parity number and flock size had statistically significant effect on seropositivity (p<0.05). Woreda had no statistically significant effect on seropositivity (p>0.05). The individual animal level seroprevalence was significantly higher in goats (14.4%) than in sheep (6.7%) populations. The analysis revealed that goats were more than 2 times (OR=2.34) at risk of getting infected with brucella than sheep. The seroprevalence was also significantly higher in female animals (13.8%) than in males (6.5%) with the likelihood of female animals to get infected with brucellosis is higher than that of males. Similarly, Brucella seroprevalence was also significantly increased with age; the odds of seropositivity in older animals are 2.36 times higher than that of younger animals. Seroprevalence rate of brucellosis was also significantly varied with parity, with the likelihood of infection being 2.038 times higher in animals with 3 to 4 parities than otherwise. Regarding flock size individual animal sero-prevalence was higher in larger flocks than in the smaller ones (OR=0.68). Almost all the respondents in the studied areas were not aware of brucellosis as a disease affecting different species of livestock (91.1%) although all of them recognized the existence of abortion among small ruminant flocks and most of them handle abortion materials with bare hand without protecting themselves (82.2%). The habit of drinking raw milk is practiced by the majority of the respondents 45 (100%) while there is no habit of consuming raw meat. Poor awareness of the zoonotic importance of brucellosis and the practices of consuming raw milk and handling potentially infectious materials using bare hands pose a serious danger to small ruminant owners. Finally, this study demonstrated that small ruminant brucellosis is highly prevalent in the study districts. Hence, it is suggested that there is a need for planning and implementation of joint programs by stakeholders in prevention and control of the disease as well as raising public health awareness.