Browsing by Author "Getachew Abebe"

Now showing 1 - 14 of 14
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Anxiety, Attitude towards Mathematics and Mathematics Achievement of Tenth Grade Students at Government and Private Schools in kolfe keranio sub city of Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Getachew Abebe; Tamire Andualem
    The aim of this study was to investigate differences in attitudes towards mathematics, mathematics anxiety, and mathematical achievement due to sex, and school type, and to display how well anxiety and attitude towards mathematics determine students’ mathematical achievement controlling for sex and school type. Attitude and anxiety mathematics scales were administered to 307 tenth grade students (128 private and 179 government) and the data collected were analyzed using statistical techniques of mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test and multiple regression analyses. Results revealed significant differences in attitude, in anxiety and in mathematics scores with respect to type of schools, but no significant sex differences with respect to private schools, government schools and both types of the schools combined together. The multiple regression analysis displayed that sex, school type, attitude towards mathematics and mathematics anxiety had statistically significant contribution on students’ mathematics achievement explaining 45.8% of the variance in mathematics achievement. Of the variables treated in the study, attitude towards mathematics and mathematics anxiety were the best predictor variables of the student mathematics achievement. Based on the findings, valuable suggestions were forwarded for stakeholders. Thus, to decrease the students’ negative attitude towards mathematics and mathematics anxiety students, parents, teachers, school administrators and education planners work together cooperatively; government schools learn best practices from private schools especially in the use of instructional time and teachers create student-centered teaching methods.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2015-06) Getachew Abebe; Jemal Haeider
    Background: Globally an estimated number of 20 million cases and 164,000 deaths occur from measles each year. Airborne transmission of measles virus has been documented with reproduction ratio (RR) of 12-18. Measles is still a public health problem in many developing countries, particularly in parts of Africa and Asia. The aim of investigation was to identify etiologic agent, risk factors and institute doable intervention measures. Methods: A 1:2 unmatched case-control study was applied from December 20-30/2014 and data were collected using structured questionnaire. The data were entered in to SPSS version 16, Epiinfo7 and MS-Excel work sheet, Odds Ratio, 95% CI and P-value were constructed to measure the significance of association in bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The outbreak stayed for 24 weeks and a total of 404 suspected cases of measles and six cases were died with CFR of 1.5%. The mean age of the cases was 11.9 years with a range of 9 months - 35 years and mean age of controls was 5.5 years with a range of 1-21 years. The overall attack rate (AR) of the case was 163/100,000 populations. Odds of illness among non vaccinated (AOR: 5; 95% CI: 1.5-16.2; P: 0.006) compared to vaccinated, odds of illness among people with contact (AOR: 19.6; 95% CI: 1.3-290; P< 0.029) compared to people without contact with cases, odds of illness among people with travel history (AOR: 14.9; 95% CI: 3.8-58; P< 0.001) compared to without travel history, odds of illness among age group from 5-15 years (AOR: 38.5 ; 95% CI: 3.6-410; p < 0.002) compared to others. These were significant factors in both bivariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Unvaccinated children less than 15 years of age were primarily affected by this outbreak. The case fatality rate was greater than 1%. Delayed case management and late investigation worsened the situation of an outbreak in the affected locality. Absence of vaccination, contact with the suspected individuals and travel history to affected areas were found to be risk factors. Mass vaccination and active case management to contain the epidemics is strongly recommended. Key words: Measles, Outbreak, Fogera, Ethiopia
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Control of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis in the Southern Rift Valley (Step Area): Evaluation of Deltamethrin Applications
    (2004-06) Jemere Bekele; Getachew Abebe
    A trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Deltamethrin (0.4% impregnated odour-baited targets and 1% pour-on formulation applied to animals) in reducing the incidence of bovine trypanosomosis and comparing the corresponding cost-effectiveness of both strategies was conducted in two selected 10X10km Universal Transverse Mercator Grids of the Southern Tsetse Eradication Project (STEP) area in the Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. The Grids selected were H3 & G5 designated as study Sites I & II respectively. The trial was underway from late September, 2003 to early April, 2004. The accomplishment of the trial included baseline survey (Questionnaire, Parasitology, and entomology), intervention with insecticide (Deltamethrin 0.4%) impregnated odour-baited targets at Site I(Grid H3) and Deltamethrin 1% ‘pour-on’ application to cattle at Site II (Grid G5) and monthly monitoring of the incidence of disease and apparent density of tsetse fly. Following the deployment of 460 targets (0.4% Deltamethrin impregnated and odour-baited) at a density of 4 targets /km2 at the trial Site I, the relative abundance of tsetse fly (G. pallidipes) population declined from a pre-intervention catch of 1.35 flies/trap/day to 0.05 flies/trap/day during the final trapping time in April, 2004 with about 88.88% overall reduction achieved. The associated disease (trypanosomosis) status was monitored by monthly blood sampling from the sentinel animals established prior to the intervention and the incidence in cattle dropped from 10.75% (first monitoring) to 1.8% (last monitoring) with about 83.25%. The prevalence of the disease had also dropped to 9% (P< 0.01) as compared to the pre-intervention result of 23% and as a result, an overall reduction of 60% was achieved. The corresponding overall mean PCV (packed cell volume) record had shown an improvement from 21.8% of the pre-intervention to 25.5 % (P<0.01) after intervention. Similar assessment at Site II with Deltamethrin 1% pour-on formulation started by applying to about 409 animals at a rate of 1ml/10 kg body weight and subsequently repeated on monthly basis throughout the trial period resulted in a sharp drop of the relative abundance of tsetse fly population to nil from 0.91 flies/trap/day of the pre-intervention catch with a 94.88% (P<0.01) overall reduction achieved. The incidence of the disease also declined from 10% to 0.95% (about 90.5%). The reduction from 21% to 4.75% in the prevalence of the disease was observed to be significant (P<0.01) with a 77.4% overall drop. The associated overall mean PCV value (24.1% increased to 27.2%) had shown a gradual increase (P<0.01) until the third monitoring and maintained a stable state thereafter. The use of Deltamethrin 1% pour-on proved better efficacy based on the results obtained and conclusions made. In addition to this, cost effectiveness evaluation of the intervention component was conducted. This indicated that the routine intervention cost for Pour-on formulation offered Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) ranging from 34762.54- 102927.94 USD per unit effectiveness and the use of impregnated odour-baited targets ranging from 43184.93- 942652.00 USD per unit effectiveness for tsetse control and the associated disease (trypanosomosis) reduction. The ranges imply that reasonable variation is lacking between the cost-effectiveness of the two strategies. Though this uncertainty interval ruled out the difference between using targets and pour-on, it seemed that pour-on having lower ICER on average cost and average effectiveness assessments. The integrated application of both strategies was definitely relevant and thus recommended.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Current Epidemiological Situation of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Limu Shay Tsetse Controlled Area of Upper Didessa Valley
    (2004) Feyesa Regassa; Getachew Abebe
    Trypanosomosis is one of the most devastating diseases, which afflict both people and animals in Africa. The Ethiopian government is placing a great emphasis on tsetse control activities. The control program must fit into the rural development policy of the country and monitoring and impact assessment of the control programs is equally important. The main objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis with regards to changes in tsetse density and to assess the socio-economic impact of tsetse control in Limu Shay tsetse controlled area of the upper Didessa valley. The impact of tsetse control in Limu Shay was assessed by comparison with the tsetse infested (Didessa) area. The study was carried out from October 2003 to March 2004 and comprised of cross sectional study on the disease and its vector tsetse fly, questionnaire and collection of the recorded data for socio-economic impact assessment. The prevalence study was carried out on 810 randomly selected cattle using the dark ground/ phase contrast buffy coat technique (BCT). A total of 180 monoconical traps were deployed along the identified localities and suitable tsetse habitats (1300-1525 meters above sea level) to determine the mean catch and tsetse apparent densities. A total of 180 family heads were interviewed by using standard questionnaire, particularly with questions covering issues on livestock and crop production and together with the socio economic data from secondary sources were used to assess the socio-economic impact of tsetse control. Survey results in the tsetse controlled area showed 7.9% prevalence of trypanosome infection in cattle with average packed red cell volume (PCV) of 25%. In the tsetse infested area the prevalence and average PCV were 27.16% and 22.85% respectively. Similarly, comparison of the tsetse infested area with the tsetse infested area showed 71% reduction in trypanosome prevalence and 9.51% increase in PCV values. The observed differences were statistically significant for prevalence (95% CI= 0.1490- 0.202; P< 0.001) and PCV (%) (95% CI= 23.623- 24.2387; P < 0.001). Tsetse fly mean catch between the tsetse controlled (mean=4.03) and the tsetse infested (mean=10.68) areas differed significantly (P< 0.05) with 62.4% reduction in the tsetse apparent density in the controlled area. No G. m. submorsitans was found in the tsetse controlled area but the apparent density (1.34 fly per trap per day in the controlled area 2.05 fly per trap per day in the infested area) was reduced by 35% for G. tachinoides. The questionnaire survey result indicated that the calving rate was increased by 35.3%. The average age at first calving (42 months), the average calving interval (20.04 months) and abortion rate (16.1%) were also reduced by 11.5% (5.5 months), 13.6% (3 months) and 39% respectively in the controlled area as compared to the tsetse infested area. Mortality rate in the herds of controlled (7.9%) area showed 72% reduction as compared to the infested (29.1%) area. The differences observed between the two areas were statistically significant. Likewise, analysis of the data revealed an increase by 80% in average daily milk yield per cow (1.67liters), an increase by 120% in average lactation yield (350 kg) and decrease in the average use of trypanocidal drugs treatments of per animal per year from 7.16 treatment in the infested area to 0.19 in the tsetse controlled area. Conversely, there was a reduction by 40% and 90%, for the productive offtake rate (sale and slaughter rate) and purchase rate respectively, in the controlled area as compared to the infested area. By comparison with the infested area oxen in the controlled area were 40% and 31% more efficient in the average work hour per day and in the average area cultivated per ox respectively. Analysis of the secondary source data showed that the number of cattle and draught oxen has increased by 323% and by 260% respectively over 15 years between 1988 and 2003. The increase in animal traction has in turn brought about changes in cultivation practices with subsequent increase in average area ploughed under animal traction by almost 800% increase and an average area cultivated per household by 400%.The average cultivated land per house hold increased by 145% as compared to the infested area. Besides, the population growth in the controlled area between 1988 and 2003 was found to be rapid at 7.2% annual growth rate. Based on the results of the present study it was concluded that a reduction in trypanosome prevalence in cattle associated with reduction in tsetse densities and the disappearance of G. m. submorsitans as a result of tsetse control improved the socio-economic activities of the people in the study area.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Epidemiological Investigation of Mechanically Transmitted Trypanosomosis (Trypanosoma Vivax) of Domestic Animals in three Districts Bordering Lake Tana ,Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 2004-06) Alekaw Sinshaw; Getachew Abebe
    An epidemiological invc~[igatjon o f mechanic ali) transmitted trypanosomosis \\as unde rtaken at the three districts (l3ahir Dar Zuria. Delllbia and Foge ra) bordering tal..e Tana that arc located in Amharct :.Jilliona! Regional Stall'. I-.thiapia. The SlUd} \\ a'i conductcu \\ llh the objecli\es o f determining the prc\alencc of [r~ranosomosis in calth:. ,mall ruminants and equines. idelllif)ing biting Oil'S and irl\cstigating the presence of drug resistance 10 Isomcthamidiulll chloride and Diminazinc .:lcc!Uratc in the stu dy are as. rhe mcthodolog) follo\H..'d \\as tha t a total or 1509 cank. 798 small ruminan ts and 749 equines \\ere considered for the prevalence 'IUJ) u<,ing parasitolo£icat method .. (buf)~ -coal method) and the PC\ ofc Il1casllr~d using hematocrit h:chniqllc", t\ 101a1 of86 Iraps (66 ~Gl and ~() \ ·Ionoconica l) \\crt.: (kplll) cd for Ihe purpo"l' o f 11) .... ur\t.:~, ;\1 Ihe Fogera districi -IS canle (in Ihe late rain) "cason) and 19 callic (in Ihe earl~ dr) season) positi\c lor 7hpw/(J\olIw I'/I'CH ancr Ireatmcnl wilh Iso lll clharniJiwl1 chloride and Dil11inalinc aCl!lUralt.' respecliH:I) \\ere folkl\\~'d for -; Jllonlhs and 24 da~ .... , rl!<;pec ti\l'l) rhe r('~lIll'i indi caled Ihal Ihl' o \eral1 pre\ akn..::e o f tr~ panoSom O:-.l .... 11l callie "as 6.1 ° ° (92/1509). Pn.!\ akncc "as significanlly (I ·3.~. ]><0.0 0 I.) higher during th,,- late rain) season 9.6°'0 (57 '591) lliJn Ihe e:lrl~ dr) sea .... on I.11 U n(22609) .\1 roger ,>ignilicanll~ (ppt.':cie-'> and none of thl' l'quin~s \\ ere positive. A1Ithl' tr~ panosomc!. cncountcreJ in cank belong to iI single ::.pt.:ck::. Ill' I \ 'IHLr IlLmcH~r thl! li'l//{//WI(III/U ~pco.:ks in 'ihet.:p ,H1d go.lI ... th ough il "t:emed T l"/I"/Lt fr om the 1ll0lClllClib of bun~\ -cmU ~JllC3r. il lIas not po,,,ibh.· to gel \\ itl! in the Ihin ... rnear prep.Hallon madc from Ihe bun~·co'lI \\hich ma~ Iw dUl' to Ihl.! Icr) 101\ number of para::.ill'" in tht.: blood (single par'l ... itl''' per preparation for eat.:h ... pecic ... al tht.': buH) coal). The PCV for cach species of animal \1:lS \\i lh in the normal range 3\ailabk in lilernll1re HI(: PC\' or Trim.\' inliXIt.:d c;U1k ( PCV~~1.6. 95°0('1 1().9·~2.3) 11<1" ,\ s ignific:mt l~ (VO.OO I) 100~ e r th an the m:ga t i\C'~ ( pe V '.1504 . 95~'QC I <~ 5. 2-2 5.5 ) and PCV va lue~ \\'en..: al so signifi cantly and pos it ;\ e l~ 3ssoc ia ted \\ II h bod) co ndi tio n sco re (pll1iw.: d lllechanil';!ll~ mediated b~ bi til1g tl ie-,>_ r l'il'lL\' inli:.::lioll in .::auic of thc <,tlld~ di,tm:t<, i ... "Clh;t;\C (0 "·,lh hlllllcthamidiulll .::hll)ridl.' (,II 1 XI mglkg BW dosc ratc) and Diminazine aceturate {3.5 mglkg BW) as a prophylac t ic and normal curative doscs respective ly. Therefore, a particular attention towards T. v;vax infection in catt le is essential to contro l the impact of the disease on productivity, Development of control options that could minim ize bi ting nies especially in seasons of high vec to r pop ul ation is another task. Treatment of T. vil'at positive cattle with Diminazine acetu ra te would he effC(;tive and economical till problems of drug resistance might arise due to Diminazine acelurate. Finall y, further studies on biting flies (species behaviors, breeding habitat, host preference, control alternatives, relative importance with regard to T. viva'C transmissio n and other relevant aspects) are recommended.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Epidemiological Investigation of Mechanically Transmitted Trypanosomosis (Trypanosoma Vivax) of Domestic Animals in Three Districts Bordering Lake Tana, Ethiopia
    (2004-06) Alekaw Sinshaw; Getachew Abebe
    An epidemiological investigation of mechanically transmitted trypanosomosis was undertaken at the three districts (Bahir Dar Zuria, Dembia and Fogera) bordering lake Tana that are located in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. The study was conducted with the objectives of determining the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle, small ruminants and equines, identifying biting flies and investigating the presence of drug resistance to Isomethamidium chloride and Diminazine aceturate in the study areas. The methodology followed was that a total of 1509 cattle, 798 small ruminants and 749 equines were considered for the prevalence study using parasitological methods (buffy-coat method) and the PCV of each animal was measured using hematocrit techniques. A total of 86 traps (66 NGU and 20 Monoconical) were deployed for the purpose of fly survey. At the Fogera district 48 cattle (in the late rainy season) and 19 cattle (in the early dry season) positive for Trypanosoma vivax after treatment with Isomethamidium chloride and Diminazine aceturate respectively were followed for 3 months and 24 days, respectively. The results indicated that the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle was 6.1% (92/1509). Prevalence was significantly (t =-3.5, P<0.001.) higher during the late rainy season 9.6% (57/592) than the early dry season 3.6%(22/609) at Fogera district where the two seasons were compared. Prevalence at the district level has significantly varied (p<0.01) from 9.6% (57/592) at Fogera district to 4.5%(6/133) at Bahir Dar and 4% (7/175) at Dembia. Prevalence at a peasant association level has significantly (p<0.01) varied from 0% (0/54) (Sebatamit, Bahir Dar) to 15.5% (37/239) (Shina, Fogera). Among small ruminants only one sheep 0.8% (1/122) and one goat 0.15% (1/676) were found positive for Trypanosoma species and none of the equines were positive. All the trypanosomes encountered in cattle belong to a single species of T. vivax. However the Trypanosoma species in sheep and goats though it seemed T. vivax from the movements of buffy-coat smear, it was not possible to get with in the thin smear preparation made from the buffy-coat which may be due to the very low number of parasites in the blood (single parasites per preparation for each species at the buffy coat). The PCV for each species of animal was with in the normal range available in literature. The PCV of T. vivax infected cattle (PCV=21.6, 95%CI=20.9-22.3) was significantly (p<0.001) lower than the negatives (PCV=25.4, 95%CI=25.2-25.5) and PCV values were also significantly and positively associated with body condition score (p<0.001), and pregnancy (p<0.01), and negatively associated with lactation (p<0.05) and parity (p<0.01) in cattle. There was also a significant variation in PCV among the three districts (p<0.01) and between the two seasons (p<0.01) in cattle. A total of 71,273 flies were caught of which 49,353(69.2%) belong to Stomoxys, 15,875(22.3%) to non-biting Muscidae, 4,715(6.6%) to horse flies and 1,330(1.9%) to Chrysops and there was no tsetse fly. The overall apparent density was 276.3 flies/trap/day. The NGU trap had a significantly (P<0.05) high catch of horse flies than the Monoconical where as the Monoconical trap had a significantly high catch of Stomoxys (p<0.0001) over the NGU trap. However, there was no significant difference in catchments between the two traps for non-biting Muscidae (NBM) and Chrysops species. Seasonal comparison at Fogera district has revealed that there was a statistically significant variation (p<0.001)) of high fly catchments in the late rainy season than the early dry season for each type of traps alone and together for Stomoxys, horse flies and Chrysops species. However, there was no significant seasonal variation for the non-biting Muscidae. Fly species identified include Atylotus agrestis, Chrysops streptobalia, Stomoxys calcitrans, Stomoxys nigra, S. pulla, S. pallida, S. sataiens, S. taieniata and Hippobosca variegata. A single specimen of the genus Tabanus and Hematopota were also encountered. Of cattle subjected to both Isomethamidium chloride and Diminazine aceturate drug sensitivity trial, none of the animals were positive for trypanosoma during the follow up period and at the end of the trail mean PCV has significantly improved by 3.6% for Isomethamidium chloride (t= -8.48, P<0.0001) treated group (22.7, 95% CI=21.8-23.61 at day zero and 26.3, 95% CI=25.4-27.3 at day 90 post treatment) and 2.6% for Diminazine aceturate (t = -4.9, P < 0.001) treated group (20.1, 95% CI=19.0-21.2, at day zero and 22.7, 95% CI=21.6-23.7 at day 24 post treatment) respectively. In general, the present study has indicated that trypanosomosis due to T. vivax is relatively important in cattle, and small ruminants would get the infection. Infection with T .vivax has negatively affected the PCV of cattle. Various biting flies of veterinary-medical importance are present and tsetse flies were not encountered during the study period. This indicates that T .vivax infection in the study area is transmitted mechanically mediated by biting flies. T. vivax infection in cattle of the study districts is sensitive to both Isomethamidium chloride (at 1 mg/kg BW dose rate) and Diminazine aceturate (3.5 mg/kg BW) as a prophylactic and normal curative doses respectively. Therefore, a particular attention towards T. vivax infection in cattle is essential to control the impact of the disease on productivity. Development of control options that could minimize biting flies especially in seasons of high vector population is another task. Treatment of T. vivax positive cattle with Diminazine aceturate would be effective and economical till problems of drug resistance might arise due to Diminazine aceturate. Finally, further studies on biting flies (species behaviors, breeding habitat, host preference, control alternatives, relative importance with regard to T. vivax transmission and other relevant aspects) are recommended..
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Epidemiology of Bovine Trypanosomosis in Selected Sites of the Newly Established Settlement Areas East Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia
    (2006-06) Takele Sori; Getachew Abebe
    A study on the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomosis in selected sites of the newly established settlements of Anger I, Anger II and Kenaf areas was conducted in East Wollega Zone, Oromiya Region, Western Ethiopia. The purpose of the study was to determine the prevalence of the disease and associating risk factors and estimate the apparent densities and distributions of tsetse and other biting flies. It was also to generate baseline data that may assist in decision making for planning and implementation of the settlement programmes. Retrospective study and questionnaire survey were conducted to collect background descriptive data and cross-sectional survey to determine the prevalence and vector apparent densities and distributions in late rainy and dry seasons in 2005/06. A total of 576 cattle were sampled and the buffy coat technique was applied to diagnose the trypanosome infection and 96 mono-pyramidal traps to capture the vector fly. Differences between parameters were tested for significance at probability levels of 0.05 or less. Results of the retrospective study and questionnaire survey indicated that bovine trypanosomosis is the major constraint to cattle production in the settlement areas. The curative and preventive doses of trypanocidal drugs are commonly used to control the disease. However, many cattle owners have developed the practices of selling out their work oxen after each crop season as the coping mechanism with the disease risk to replace by new animals and generate additional incomes from sales. The entomological survey showed that only two tsetse species, Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G. tachinoides were found to exist along with other biting flies of the tabanid and muscid groups. The G. m. submorsitans was detected at a mean apparent density (fly/trap/day) of 0.01 and G. tachinoides at 0.35. The overall apparent densities (fly/trap/day) were found to be 0.36 (95% CI = 0.22 – 0.50), 1.26 (95% CI = 0.55 – 1.97) and 41.15 (95% CI = 28.8 – 53.5) for tsetse, tabanids and muscid flies respectively in the study areas. The seasonal apparent densities were 0.40 and 0.33 (p > 0.05), 2.18 and 0.34 (p < 0.05), 76.0 and 6.29 (p < 0.05) for tsetse, tabanids and muscid fly in late rainy and dry seasons in corresponding order. The fly apparent densities in different vegetation types were assessed but the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) for all fly kinds. The sex ratio for tsetse fly was determined and fewer proportion of male flies detected (21/58) and (15/47) during late rainy season and the dry season, respectively. The average age for male tsetse fly sample population xii was estimated from wing fray analysis and observed to be 19 and 16 days for late rainy season and dry season, respectively. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 8.9% (95% CI = 7 – 11%) the seasonal infection rate being 14.9% (95% CI = 11 – 19%) and 2.8% (95% CI = 1 – 5%) with statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between late rainy and the dry seasons respectively. In all cases the dominant trypanosome species was Trypanosoma congolense 56.8% (95% CI = 43 – 71%) followed by T. vivax 31.4% (95% 21 – 47%). The prevalence of trypanosome infection in newly introduced cattle from tsetse free areas was 12.4% (95% CI = 8 -16%) whilst in native animals 4.3% (95% CI = 2 – 6%) with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) between the two groups. The prevalence by sex was 8.4% (95% CI = 4 – 12%) in the female and 9.1% (95% CI = 6 – 12%) in male counterpart. The infection rates in different age groups were nil, 8.0% (95% CI = 5 – 12%) and 10.0% (95% CI = 7 – 13%) in animals of less than 1, 1 – 4 and above 4 year-old, respectively. The differences in infection were not statistically significant (p > 0.05) between sexes and age groups. Analysis of the interaction of the assumed risk factors indicated season and origin to be the risk factors (p < 0.01) for trypanosome infection among the cattle population of the settlement areas. However, sex was not (p > 0.05) while age was signified to be risky which is largely determined by absence or presence of exposure to tsetse challenge. The risk of acquiring infection was lower in the dry season as compared to late rainy season (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.06 – 0.28) and 3.36 times higher (OR = 3.36, 95% CI = 1.64 – 6.88) in the newly introduced than in the native cattle population. The mean PCV values were 27.23% (95% CI = 26.77 – 27.69%) and 20.22% (95% CI = 18.75 – 21.68%) with statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) for the non-parasitaemic and parasitaemic animals respectively. The mean PCV value was negatively correlated (r = -0.35) with the trypanosome prevalence. Bovine trypanosomosis is the major constraint in the newly established settlement areas. Introduction of susceptible cattle population to tsetse infested settlement areas would result in heavy losses especially animals coming from tsetse free areas being the high risk group when the vector challenge is high. Different epidemiological circumstances appeared to exist that would maintain the contact between tsetse and the host animal. Interiorly tsetse-infested wooded borders of many rivers and streams that traverse the areas as well as scrap of forest at the edge of settlements to which G. tachinoides seems well adapted would sustain their constant interactions. On the other hand moderately infested peripheries to which G. m. submorsitans receded that have a link with the major tsetse belt constitute a potential risk to the areas. Furthermore, the frequent xiii movement of animals coming from or crossing the tsetse-infested areas to the major market outlet in Uke, Kenaf prefecture is the major source of infected animals. The vast potential land in the settlement areas would only be exploited if the problem of animal trypanosomosis is resolved under the present crop-livestock farming system. Therefore, community based integrated control option should be promoted with strong surveillance and monitoring activities.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Epidemiology of Bovine Trypanosomosis in the Abbay Basin Areas of Northwest Ethiopia
    (AAU, 2004-06) Shiielis Dagnachew; Getachew Abebe
    AbebeTsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis is a serious constraint to livestock production and agricultural development in Ethiopia. Part of Abbay basin (Blue Nile) in northwest Ethiopia is tsetse infested where animal trypanosomosis is a serious threat to economic development. The objctives of the study were to generate a base line data on epidemiology of tsetse and trypanosomosis, to assess trypanocidal drug resistance and to know the community awareness regarding the disease and control methods in the area. The study was conducted between September 2 003 to April 2004 in Dcmbecha and Jabilchcnan wercdas of the Abbay basin areas of northwest Ethiopia. The study methodology was based on questionnaire survey, seasonal cross•sectional studies of tsetse and trypanosomosis and longitudinal study for the assessment oftTypanoc idal drug resistance in the field.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Integration of Tsetse Survey Data and Agro-ecological Characteristics from Remotely Sensed and Field Observation a Geographic Information System in the Reft Valley of Ethiopia
    (AAU, 2001) Bergenie Bancha; Getachew Abebe
    ----- A tsetse fl y survey was carried out in over I00 km ~ of the study site of the Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia Tsetse Eradication Project (SRVETEP) with the objective of imegrating the remotely sensed data. ground verified agro-ecoiogical characteristics and tsetse survey d::na in a geographic infonnation system (GIS). Field data collection on tsetse fly distribution and abundance and ground vegetation type observation was conduc ted in two seasons: the dry season survey (March) and the wet season survey(]une and first week of July), Seventy-eight NGU traps baited with ace tone and three week old cow urine was used for catching tsetse during each season. Traps were deployed in a transect in a selected Ix I Km. UTM (Universal TransverseMlercater) grid square . .a hand held receiver GPS (Garmin -48) was used for geo-referencing and sPO( elevation measurement ot the trappmg Siles. Remotely sensed Landslt TM of the area taken in 1994 was anulysed . The digital image processing employed the supervised classificatio n procedure with the maximum likelihood decision rule, Tsetse survey data. ground observed vegetation type and the procesed remotely sensed datl were integrated into the GIS database Arcvie 3 I Variol enviro nmental features like roads, rivers, senlement, Contours and Lakes In the stedy area were digitised and incorporated into the GIS databse
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Prevalence of Camel Trypanosomiasis and Factors Associaten with the Disease Occurrence in Leben with the Disease in Leben District Boriea Zone Oromia Region Ethiopa
    (AAU, 1998-01) Getahun Demwke; Getachew Abebe
    A cross-sectional study wns undertaken to determine the prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis and to identify factors associated with the disease in the southern nlngdands of Ethiopia. Multistage sampling was employ..:d as sampling method. Wet blood smeJrs, buTy com technique and antibody ELISA were utilized as diagnostic techniques to delennine the prevalence. A herJ health management questionnaire was also used to collect rdevant infor'tion on factors associated with the disease. Furthe rmore, a parallel Slirvey of the helminth status was undertaken in dry season to assess a possible association with low pev readings. A total of 31..J. camels in 81 herds and 285 camds in 74 herds were sampled during wel and dry season, respectively. In rainy season sampJ.es prevaknces of 10.1 % using parasitological methods and of 56.5% using antibody ELISA were found were found whereas parsitological methods revealed an infection 2.8% in dry season Aeg ecological conditionas and season were found to the disease a cumulative incidence of 0.03 and an incidence density of 3 cases per 10.000 animal days points to an extremely low disease dymamic during the dry season Tevansi was most common cause of camel trypanosomiasis ,Tvivax was found in twe camels
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Seasonal Dynamics of Tsetse and Trypanosomosis in Selected Sites of Southern Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (Snnprs), Ethiopia
    (2004) Terzu Daya; Getachew Abebe
    A seasonal dynamics of tsetse and trypanosomosis study was carried out in selected sites of Southern Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPRS). The purposes of the study were to determine the seasonal apparent density of tsetse and prevalence of trypanosomosis, to identify tsetse and trypanosome species and to assess the curative/prophylactic effect of isometamidium chloride in selected sites (Badaye and Gadala PAs) of SNNPRS. Community members (n = 80) were interviewed using prepared questionnaire format. Cross sectional studies were carried out from October to April during late wet (October), early dry (December), late dry (February) and early wet (April) seasons in villages of Badaye and Gadala PAs. Samples for parasitological and entomological studies were collected from one villages of Badaye and two villages of Gadala PAs per season. Biconical traps used for entomological survey were deployed at grazing and watering points of animals in the villages of Badaye and Gadala PAs. For parasitological study, a total of 1,509 blood samples were collected from randomly selected cattle within four seasons. For longitudinal field study, parasitaemic Zebu cattle (n = 64) were selected for isometamidium chloride block treatment. Parasitaemic cattle with 39 (60.9%) T. congolense, 24 (37.5%) T. vivax and 1 (1.6%) mixed (T. congolense and T. vivax) infections were treated with prophylactic dose of (1mg/kg bw) isometamidium chloride at day 0 and monitored at day 15, 30, 60 and 90. The result of questionnaire revealed that 97.5% of respondents depend on smugglers for trypanocidal drugs and sick animals were treated by smugglers and owners with high treatment frequency (6 times per cattle per year). The entomological finding revealed three tsetse species namely, G. m. submorsitans, G. fuscipes and G. pallidipes at Badaye and Gadala PAs, respectively. Higher catches of G. pallidipes were registered during late wet (October) and early dry (December) seasons in comparison with late dry (February) and early wet (April) seasons. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean catches of G. pallidipes between seasons. The apparent density of G. pallidipes was positively correlated (r = 0.5176) with prevalence of trypanosome infection.The overall trypanosome infection prevalence in cattle was 15.77%. During late wet and early dry seasons, the prevalence of trypanosomosis was high (21.5%) and during late dry and early wet seasons low (10.8%). During early wet season, significantly (p < 0.05) higher prevalence was registered at village of Badaye PA (15.38%) than the villages of Gadala PA (8.51%). There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in trypanosome infection prevalence between seasons. Giemsa stained blood smear examination revealed the presence of T. congolense and T. vivax in the study area. T. congolense was dominant species and accounted for 63.4% in overall infections. The overall mean PCV value was 24.02%. The mean PCV values of different seasons were negatively correlated (r = -0.3112) with the prevalence of trypanosomosis of corresponding seasons. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) between mean PCV values of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic cattle tested during different seasons. There was a significant difference (p < 0.001) in trypanosome infections between different age groups of cattle. In longitudinal field study, parasitaemia was demonstrated in 17 out of 64 cattle (26.56%) with in 15 days, 19 out of 64 cattle (29.7%) with in 30 days, 41 out of 64 cattle (64.06%) with in 60 days and 44 out of 64 (68.75%) with in 90 days post treatment of 1mg/kg bw isometamidium chloride. T. congolense was accounted for 85.5%, 89.5%, 78% and 79.5% of infections within 15, 30, 60 and 90 days post treatment of isometamidium chloride, respectively. Based on these results it is concluded that trypanosomosis is the major constraint of livestock production in the study sites.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Serological and Epasitologlcal Survey of Dourilne (Trypallosoma Equiperdum) in Selelected Sites of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 2000-06) Hagos Ashenafi; Getachew Abebe
    The present stud} wa~ conducted rrom August 2004 to Apnl 2005 \\ L1h Iht: ObJccll\e~ IIf dctemumng. the prevalence, extent and d istribution 0 dourine III horses and IO\CSlIgaling occurrence of cllmeal cases 3S well 3S carner st:ltes of donkey .. and mules III the Arst- B:llc Illgh la nd s. At the same time a lon g Ltudmal study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the Isomet::mudlUlll chlonde ( IS MM ) Hnd D lITu nazenc acetumte (I)I~ I ) III Iht treatment of ch mcal c ases of dou rine. An IIlvcs ligalion was also conducted encom pa~Slllg cluesttonmure nnd serological survey o n th e presence of dO Urine in adjacent geograph ic"l areas of the Ar<;I- Ha1c highlands and other sclec ted parts o f the country with lugh equlOe population, The stud) methodol ogy was based on quest io nn:lIrc, serological. climeal and pa rasitologica l surve~, The questionnaire survey indi cated th ai do urine, locally known, as " Lappessa" or " D irr C$s a·· is a major health problem of equ ines in th e Arsi-Bale hi g hlands Though, dourine 1<; a common clinical case th rough Qut th e year, it has a seasonal character. \\ hieh most com monly occur" following Ih t' b reeding !;l' aSOIl from Junc to late Septembe r. SOIllC!ltne~ a <;('coml peak IS observcd III Ihe dl) seasons of the ~ car (Marc h to t>. o r any other haemopara~l1c~ could be detected in all cxanll ned Glemsa stained smears (th in blood. gell ital di sc harge and ti~l;uC fluids) as well as In bl ood samples by mil CT. All th e puppIes Inoc ulated \\lth blood samrk~. gellll.tl wa she s and oed cmalOUS nUids remained parasl1ologicall ) Ilegau\e. Diffe rent ch ara ctcri stic clinical signs o f dourinc were observed in clilllcally ~Ic k horses of both sexes . The prominent clinical signs observed as geni tal fo m) o f the di sease mclude vagmal dl:.chargc mallll~ of mucopurulent type "ilh foul odou r. oedema lind presence of deplgmcn ted ..,cars 0\ (' 1' till' o,:)'lerna l genita lia , oc,icmu o f Ihe <;cro ltlm and prepuce aecomp:llllcd by pn:pucl.:t1 ali \\ell .h urethral d Isch arge and ukl'rallon of the gen ita l m ucosae mlllnl~ nf the- pen tie In hoth "'C\l' ~ . lamencs~ in one or both leg ... panml dr;tgg ln g and slIffnc"s of thl' lund Icg~ and Itlcoordtnilth)n \H·r~· lhc dominant sig n .. nbscrv o.!d , I ~ nervous fo rm of lhe dl ~CIl<;C viii Horses with different ehOlc al signs of doun nl! were categonsed Into one of the followi ng fi\e grou[ls based on th e cl llll cal findin gs Apparc llIl y health y (46 81. non -s pccliic s ign s like ema ciat ion ilnd weakne ss (69); ge nital fonn (30); nervou, fonn 01 [15) and bo th gCTll1ul .lnd nervous forms of th e disease (67). Fifty - four horses with hi gh pCrtenl :l ge [lO !.I U\,II)' fOl the md lrec t anllbody ELI SA and mn eleen horses wllh stron g agglullnall un reactlOTlS having end III fe of 1.32 for both CA l-r and LATEX tes ts be longed to th e liw of th ... dlffeT1:nl dUlleal group~ ChI-sq uare analysIs of the di s tributi on of anImals. claSSIfied liS C) tl Wf POS III\ e llr negative 011 Ihe ba sis ofallthi." three teSt s. in th e clull eal grou ps demon st rat ed a s tat l<;tltally slgm fi cn nt d iffe ren ce between gro ups. with s tratum specific prevalence o f po siuvc amma i<; mc rca!'llllg wit h In crc aslIlg severity of clmieal sign .. (p of I SM~1 and Dl:V1 III selected serologically po slI1\·e cli nical cases of Cou nnl.' 111 A<; as<;a dl !'llTh:l of th e Ar !') hlghl.lIlds A lot.11 of 24 adull 10e:11 horses were divided Inl O ~ group, of cq11al number I' CV k\ cl. eos!l1opllll cou nt , bodytemperature, se rologi cal sWt u". unrf\)\emcni of the C'I'tlllg clinical !'Ilgn~ Jnd bod) w ndition ~Cl)rc \\ en: moni tored tWIce m 10 d):" 1I1Ienal fClr a penod til 40 dll) ~ rhe res ults IIldu:ated th at mean ]l eV, eosinophil counts and t>"dy Icmperaturl' impw\ ed in bo th J S\ I~I and D I ~I treated group during th e 40 day s pO St tr(';ll meni penod A ~ Ia nsth:,ill ~ sig nifi can t Increase in PCV and body temperature was observed ~1.lrIlIIg frOlll th e day 10 ( P kilO .... n ende mi C fOCI of the ArSI-Ualc hIghlands of I:thIOPI:l ,\llhough thcre wa~ no d,rect detection of T C'qU/f)('rdllfll, there IS 'mong eVidence Ihal dounne IS highly pre\:llclll, mo,t Important problem LIl th e Arsi- llaic hIghlands. whe re the Sllua tlon IS gellmg .... orse \\ Llh the preo;cOI spreading trend to areas previously known as free of the disease. neces,"alC~ urgent nall onal control intrevtion
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Serologlcal and Parasltologlcal Survey of Dourlne (Trypallosoma Equiperdum) in Selected Sites of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 2005-06) Hagos Ashenafi; Getachew Abebe
    The present stud} wa~ conducted rrom August 2004 to Apnl 2005 \\ L1h Iht: ObJccll\e~ IIf dctemumng. the prevalence, extent and d istribution 0 dourine III horses and IO\CSlIgaling occurrence of cllmeal cases 3S well 3S carner st:ltes of donkey .. and mules III the Arst- B:llc Illghla nds. At the same time a longLtudmal study was conducted to assess the efficacy of the Isomer::medulla chlonde ( ISMM) Hnd DlITu nazenc acetumte (I)I~ I ) III Iht treatment of chmcal cases of dou rine. An IIlvcs ligalion was also conducted encom p a~Slllg cluesttonmure nnd serological survey on the presence of dOUrine in adjacent geographic"l areas of the Ar<;I-Ha1c highlands and other sclected parts of the country with lugh equlOe population, The stud) methodology was based on quest ionn:lIrc, serological. climeal and pa rasitological s urve~, The questionnaire survey indicated thai dourine, locally known, as " Lappessa" or "DirrC$sa·· is a major health problem of equines in the Arsi-Bale highlands Though, dourine 1<; a common clinical case through Qut the year, it has a seasonal character. \\ hieh most commonly occur" following Ih t' breeding !;l'aSOIl from Junc to late September. SOIllC!ltne~ a <;('coml peak IS observcd III Ihe dl) seasons of the ~ car (March to t>. or any other haemopara~l1c~could be detected in all cxanllned Glemsa stained smears (th in blood. gell ital di sc harge and ti~l;uC fluids) as well as In blood samples by mil CT. All the puppIes Inoculated \\lth blood samrk~. gellll.tl washes and oedcmalOUS nUids remained parasl1ologicall) Ilegau\e. Diffe rent charactcri stic clinical signs of dourinc were observed in clilllcally ~Ic k horses of both sexes.The prominent clinical signs observed as genital fom) of the disease mclude vagmal dl:.chargc mallll~ of mucopurulent type "ilh foul odour. oedema lind presence of deplgmcn ted ..,cars 0\ ('1' till' o,:)'lernal genita lia, oc,icmu of Ihe <;cro ltlm and prepuce aecomp:llllcd by pn:pucl.:t1 ali \\ell .h urethral dIscharge and ukl'rallon of the genital mucosae mlllnl~ nf the- pen tie In hoth "'C\l' ~ .lamencs~ in one or both leg ... panml dr;tgglng and slIffnc"s of thl'lund Icg~ and Itlcoordtnilth)n \H·r~· lhc dominant sign .. nbscrvo.!d ,I ~ nervous form of lhe dl ~CIl<; C viii Horses with different ehOlcal signs of doun nl! were categonsed Into one of the followi ng fi\e grou[ls based on the cl llllcal findings ApparcllIly healthy (4681. non-spccliic signs like emaciat ion ilnd weakness (69); genital fonn (30); nervou, fonn 01 [15) and both gCTll1ul .lnd nervous forms of the disease (67). Fifty-four horses with hi gh pCrtenl:lge [lO!.I U\,II)' fOl the mdlrect anllbody ELISA and mneleen horses wllh strong agglullnallun reactlOTlS having end IIIfe of 1.32 for both CA l-r and LATEX tests belonged to the liw of th ... dlffeT1:nl dUlleal group~ ChI-square analysIs of the distributi on of anImals. claSSIfied liS C) tlWf POSIII\ e llr negative 011 Ihe basis ofallthi." three teSts. in the clull eal grou ps demonst rated a stat l<;tltally slgm fi cn nt difference between groups. with stratum specific prevalence of posiuvc ammai<; mcrca!'llllg with IncrcaslIlg severity of clmieal sign .. (p of I SM~1 and Dl:V1 III selected serologically poslI1\·e clinical cases of Cou nnl.' 111 A<;as<;a dl !'llTh:l of the Ar!') hlghl.lIlds A lot.11 of 24 adull 10e:11 horses were divided InlO ~ group, of cq11al number I'CV k\ cl. eos!l1opllll cou nt, body temperature, serological sWt u". unrf\)\emcni of the C'I' tlllg clinical !'Ilgn~ Jnd bod) w ndition ~Cl)rc \\ en: moni tored tWIce m 10 d):" 1I1Ienal fClr a penod til40 dll) ~ rhe results IIldu:ated that mean ]leV, eosinophil counts and t>"dy Icmperaturl' impw\ ed in both J S\ I~I and D I ~I treated group during the 40 days pOSt tr(';ll meni penod A ~ Ia nsth:,ill ~ significant Increase in PCV and body temperature was observed ~1.lrIlIIg frOlll the day 10 (P kilO .... n ende miC fOCI of the ArSI-Ualc hIghlands of I:thIOPI:l ,\llhough thcre wa~ no d,rect detection of TC'qU/f)('rdllfll, there IS 'mong eVidence Ihal dounne IS highly pre\:llclll, mo,t Important problem LIl the Arsi- llaic hIghlands. where the Slluatlon IS gellorse \\ Llh the preo;cOI spreading trend to areas previously known as free of the disease. neces,"alC~ urgent nallonal controllntcnCnllon
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Seroprevalence Study of Brucellosis in Cattle and Human in Bahirdar Milkshed
    (2005-06) Desie Sheferaw; Getachew Abebe
    A study on cattle tick dynamics was conducted on three agro-ecological zones of Wolayta, Ethiopia, from August 2004 to March 2005 with the objective of identifying the common species, and determining the tick burden difference of indigenous and Holstein cross. The study was conducted using cross-sectional and longitudinal designs to asses the adult ticks attached on cattle during wet and dry periods; and asses the monthly total tick burden on animals in all the three agro-ecological zones respectively. A total of 6191 and 5991 adult ticks were collected from half-body regions of 138 cattle from each agro-ecological zone in wet and dry periods. From these four genera, and eleven species in general identified in all the study areas. The percentages of tick genera identified at highland, midland and lowland in wet and dry periods were Amblyomma (46.44% and 25.11%; 45.87% and 50.47%; 58.94% and 48.93% respectively), Boophilus (46.92% and 73.34%; 47.53% and 47.47%; 30.71% and 45.40% respectively), Rhipicephalus (5.08% and 1.55%; 6.60% and 2.06%; 8.41% and 5.67% respectively) and Hyalomma ( 1.56% and 1.94% at highland and lowland respectively in wet period only). During the wet period Boophilus decoloratus (46.92%), Amblyomma variegatum (20.82%), Amblyomma gemma (12.02%), Amblyomma cohaerens (10.26%), Amblyomma lepidum (3.32%) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (2.15%) were found to be the six most top common tick species at highland in decreasing order of abundance. While Boophilus decoloratus (47.53%), Amblyomma variegatum (25.95%), Amblyomma gemma (13.63%), Amblyomma cohaerens (4.02%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (4.37%) and Amblyomma lepidum (2.27%) were found to be the six most abundant and common tick species at Kokatie, midland, in descending order. Amblyomma variegatum (36.75%), Boophilus decoloratus (30.71%), Amblyomma gemma (17.78%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (6.14%), Amblyomma cohaerens (2.58%), and Amblyomma lepidum (1.83%) were found to be the six most top common tick species at Bombie, lowland, in decreasing order of abundance. During dry period Boophilus decoloratus (73.35%), Amblyomma gemma (17.87%), Amblyomma variegatum (4.20%), Amblyomma cohaerens (2.16%) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (1.30%) at highland; Boophilus decoloratus (47.47%), Amblyomma gemma (29.03%), Amblyomma variegatum (10.11%), Amblyomma cohaerens (5.99%), and Amblyomma lepidum (5.34%) at midland; and Boophilus decoloratus (45.40%), Amblyomma gemma (35.12%), Amblyomma variegatum (11.39%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (3.49%) and Amblyomma lepidum (2.19%) at lowland were found to be the most top tick species at each sites in decreasing order of abundance. From this study the relative number of Amblyomma variegatum was significantly higher during wet period than dry period at all the three agro-ecological zones (t = 10.2719, P = 0.000 at α = 0.05) . But the relative number of Amblyomma gemma was significantly highest in dry period (t = -7.7583, P = 0.000 at α = 0.05). At all the study areas Amblyomma cohaerens relative distribution was higher significantly in wet (t = 4.3619, P = 0.000 at α = 0.05). The relative number of Boophilus decoloratus was significantly higher during dry period (t = -5.3937, P = 0.0000 at α = 0.05). The sex ratios of all tick species identified during this study periods, both wet and dry, were skewed towards male except for Boophilus decoloratus. The most preferred predilection sites of al Amblyomma species were scrotum/udder, brisket, inside part of legs and belly in decreasing order of preference. Boophilus decoloratus preferred attachment sites were dewlap, belly, legs and head. Rhipicephalus species primarily attached to anogenital regions, but few on ear area. Significantly higher total tick burden or infestation was found in wet months (August, September and October), and then start to decline till February (F= 185.843, P= 0.000 at α= 0.05). Among the two breeds, indigenous and Holstein cross, it was found that Holstein cross was infested by high total tick populations (F= 370.610, P= 0.000 at α= 0.05). Based on the finding of this study it can be concluded that among the species of ticks identified Amblyomma variegatum, Amblyomma cohaerens, Amblyomma gemma, Boophilus decoloratus and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi were very important. The total tick burden observed in wet period both on indigenous and Holstein cross; in all the study periods on Holstein cross were higher comparatively.