Browsing by Author "Ayele Belachew"

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    Assessment of Chronic Respiratory Symptoms and Lung Function Parameters among Large Scale Wood Factory Workers in Addis ,Abeba ,Ethiopia :A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-10) Belaynesh Jabur; Samson Waluma; Ayele Belachew
    Background: Occupational exposure to wood dust could cause numerous health problems including chronic respiratory symptoms and reduction of lung function parameters. However, information regarding prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and lung function parameters among large scale wood factory workers in Ethiopia is limited. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms, lung function parameters and associated factors among large scale wood factory workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: An Institution based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2019. A total of 464 (232 wood workers and 232 Moha soft drink industry workers as control group) were included in the study. Chronic respiratory symptoms assessment was conducted in all participants from both groups while lung function test was conducted on 50 participants from each wood factory and soft drink industry. Stratified and simple random sampling was used to select wood workers and controls respectively. Chronic respiratory symptom was assessed using modified American Thoracic Society (ATS) questionnaire while lung function test was done using Easy on-pc spirometer. The data was entered in to a computer using Epi-data software version 4.4.2 then exported to SPSS version 23 and analyzed. Poisson regression, Multiple linear regressions and Multivariable logistic regression were performed. Results: In this study the prevalence ratio of overall chronic respiratory symptoms (PR = 2.17, 95% CI: 1.51–3.12) was significantly higher among wood workers (65.7%) compared to controls (23.3%).Moreover, sex, previous respiratory disease, not use of respiratory protective device and working department were associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. The wood workers had significantly lower FVC and FEV compared with controls. Conclusion: The wood workers had a higher prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and lower lung function parameters compared with controls, these reducing lung capacity. Therefore, respiratory protective devices should be provided to take preventive measures.
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    Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life and its Determinants among Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Selected Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-11) Habtamu Esubalew; Ayele Belachew; Yimer Sied; Getahun Tarekegn
    Background: People with diabetes have an increased risk of developing a number of serious life-threatening health problems which lower quality of life. Poor quality of life is believed to negatively influence self-care, which brings to declined glycemic control, increased dangers for complication, and intensification of diabetes overwhelming in both the short run and the long run. In Ethiopia, which is among the top four nations with the highest adult diabetic populations in subSaharan Africa, there are just a few studies directed on health-related quality of life in type II DM patients. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess health-related quality of life and its determinant among type II diabetes mellitus patients, in selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, 2020. Methods: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among systematically sampled 309 type II diabetes mellitus patients attending diabetes follow up clinic of three randomly selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa from May-18 to June-17, 2020 using short form-36 questionnaires to determine the health-related quality of life. The data was collected through face-to-face interview from selected public hospitals. We used descriptive statistics to present the data. Simple and multiple linear regressions were done to identify associated factors with health-related quality of life. P-value <0.05 was considered as independently associated factor for health-related quality of life. Ethical clearance was obtained from School of Public Health ethical review committee. Result: The mean age was 52.28(12.9). Around 59 % were female and 68 % were married. Around 30.1% of patients developed one or more diabetic-related complications and 57.9% have comorbidities. The mean for the domains of Short-form-36 ranges from 52.91(24.33) for role limitation due to physical problem to 72.7(15.13) for mental health. The mean and standard deviation for physical and mental component summary were 40.15 (7.27) and 48.11 (8.87) respectively. Multiple linear regressions indicated age, married, attended college and above, overweight, obesity, longer durations of diabetes mellitus, treatment modality, diabetic-related complications and co-morbidities as independent factors for one or more domains of SF-36 and the two summary measures of health-related quality of life. Conclusion: Age, married, attended college and above, obesity, overweight, longer duration of DM, used insulin alone or combined medication, diabetic-related complications and co-morbidities were factors associated with health-related quality of life.
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    Assessment of Magnitude and Factors Affecting Place of Delivery among Women of Child Bearing Age in Nunu Kumba Woreda,East Wollega Zone,Oromia Region,Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2013-06) Desalegn Kumera; Ayele Belachew
    Background: A lack of skilled attendants at birth accounts for two million preventable maternal deaths, stillbirths and newborn deaths each year. Several factors have been identified as barriers to access to skilled care by women; including unavailability of the services, inadequate number of skilled personnel, geographical inaccessibility and poor quality of care, economic factors, poor service seeking behavior, traditional and cultural preference for home delivery. Objective: To assess the magnitude and factors affecting place of delivery among women of child bearing age in East Wollega Zone, Nunu Kumba woreda, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methods: Community based cross sectional quantitative household survey among 664 samples women of child bearing age was conducted using pre tested structured questionnaire in Nunu Kumba Woreda from March to April 2013. Multi stage sampling technique was employed to select the samples. Epi Info Version 3.5.3 and SPSS version 20 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Associations between variables were assessed by Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Intervals and p-values. Multiple logistic-regression was used to adjust for possible confounding variables. Results: The study revealed that institutional delivery was 38.7% in the woreda. Maternal age, maternal education, husband education, age at first marriage, ANC attendance, number of ANC visits, planning of pregnancy, husband‘s choice of place of delivery and mode of transport to health facility were associated independently with maternal place of delivery. Those mothers who attended primary education and whose husbands‘ educational status was primary were less likely to give birth at home compared to illiterate (AOR=0.50; 95% CI=0.28, 0.92) and (AOR=0.31; 95% CI=0.16, 0.59) respectively. Those mothers who did not attended ANC for their last pregnancy were 7.8 times more likely to give birth at home (AOR=7.81; 95% CI=2.23, 27.3) and whose age at first marriage were 18 years or more were 2 times more likely to give birth at home (AOR=2.07; 95% CI=1.03, 4.17). Conclusion: The study revealed that institutional delivery fell far below the national goal in the woreda. Demographic, obstetric, mode of transportation and preference are factors related to low utilization of institutional delivery in the woreda. Therefore, providing information for higher age group mothers and their partner‘s on increased risks of home delivery, providing appropriate information during ANC check-ups, encouraging ANC attendance, allowing the relatives to be with laboring mother when they come to health facility are recommended.
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    Assessment of the Role of Patient’s Knowledge about Tuberculosis on Treatment Adherence in Public Health Facilities in Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-04) Bikile Gedefa; Ayele Belachew; Mengistu Yilma
    Background : Tuberculosis is among major public health problems throughout the world and leading cause of death among curable infectious disease. The World Health Organization lists Ethiopia as one ofthe 30 high burden tuberculosis, tuberculosis/HIV and multidrug resistant tuberculosis countries in 2018. Strengthening tuberculosis patient’s knowledge about tuberculosis and treatment are believed to improve tuberculosis treatment adherence. Studies on the role of patient’s knowledge on tuberculosis treatment adherence are limited. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the role of patient’s knowledge about tuberculosis on treatment adherence in public health facilities in Yeka Sub city, Addis Ababa, 2019 Methods: A facility based cross sectional study was conducted in Yeka sub city, Addis Ababa. Data were collected from sample of 256 patients receiving tuberculosis treatment. Mean score described knowledge about tuberculosis as good or poor when above and below the mean respectively, while adherence to tuberculosis treatment was measured using Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) with eight item score data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 for window. Results: The result showed that 36.7% (95%CI: 30.9-42.6) of tuberculosis patients have good knowledge about tuberculosis, while 28.9% (95%CI: 23.8-34.8) have good knowledge about tuberculosis treatment. Tuberculosis treatment adherence level was79.3 % (95%CI: 74.2-84). Patients who have good knowledge about tuberculosis disease were 2.7 times (AOR =2.7, 95% CI: 1.04-7.3) more likely to adhere to tuberculosis treatment compared to those with poor knowledge. Study participants who have good knowledge about tuberculosis treatment were no significant difference compared to those who have poor knowledge (AOR= 0.6, 95%CI: 0.20-1.78). Conclusion and Recommendation: The level tuberculosis treatment adherence observed in this study is comparable with a previous study conducted in Addis Ababa. The study showed that respondents who had good knowledge about tuberculosis are more likely to adhere to tuberculosis treatment. Thus, implementation of comprehensive interventions, focusing on knowledge of tuberculosis patients about tuberculosis disease and transmission of tuberculosis, is important to enhance tuberculosis treatment adherence.
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    Compiled Body of Work in Field Epidemiology
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-10) Dilnesaw Teshome ; Ayele Belachew; Muluken Gizaw; Zegeye Hailemariam
    This compiled body of work consists a two year Field Epidemiology Training Program Outputs, which were done during the residency time. All these outputs are expected in the residency time which is submitted to graduate school of public health for partial fulfilment of master degree in Field Epidemiology. These are; diseases outbreak investigation, public health surveillance data analysis, surveillance system evaluation, Health profile description, manuscript, abstracts, and protocol/ proposal for epidemiologic research project and additional work like weekly bulletin. The document is organized in eight chapters. Chapter One: - The first chapter contains two outbreak investigation. The first was malaria outbreakm investigation conducted in Elu Gelan woreda of west shoa zone Oromia, Ethiopia from 24/2019 – 16/2020 WHO week in which 2099 malaria cases and no deaths were identified and the second was measles outbreak investigation occurred in Caliya woreda of west shoa zone Oromia, Ethiopia from 50 -1/2019 WHO weeks in which 16 cases and 2 deaths were identified. The second outbreak was confirmed at EPHI national reference laboratory. For both outbreaks. Case control study design was conducted to identify associated the risk factor. Recommendation was given for outbreaks based on the findings. Chapter Two: - this chapter contains meningococcal meningitis surveillance data analysis which is one of the core competency for field epidemiology training program and conducted in southern nation and nationalities and peoples region from 2012-2018. Seven years meningococcal meningitis data was analyzed retrospectively to describe epidemiology of the disease. Chapter Three: - malaria surveillance system evaluation conducted in Elu Gelan woreda west shoa zone,Oromia, Ethiopia in 2019 is presented in this chapter. The purpose and objective of malaria disease surveillance was clearly presented and we used descriptive cross sectional study design. It also addressed Public health emergency management surveillance system attributes like simplicity, flexibility,acceptability, representativeness, sensitivity and positive predictive value, timeliness and quality. Chapter Four: - contains health profile description conducted in Bona Zuria of Sidama zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia in 2019. Health and health related data of the woreda were presented in this chapter. Chapter Five: - Included scientific manuscript for peer reviewed journal on malaria outbreak investigation conducted in Elu Gelan woreda. Chapter Six: - Three abstracts were presented in this chapter. These are Abstracts of malaria outbreak investigation conducted in Elu Gelan woreda, meningitis surveillance data analysis conducted in SNNPR,and malaria surveillance system evaluation conducted in Elu Gelan woreda. Chapter Seven:- contains protocol/ proposal for epidemiologic research project namely assessment of long lasting insecticide net utilization and associated risk factors in under five children in Elu Gelan woreda of West shoa zone, Oromia, which is developed as one of the outputs. Assessment was not widely done in the district on the utilization of long lasting ITN especially for under five children. So the main purpose of this study is to assess ITN utilization and associated risk factors
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    Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-06) Deribe Girma; Ayele Belachew; Abdulnasir Abagaro
    This document contains a two years Field Epidemiology Training Program outputs which was equivalent with thesis submitted for fulfillment of master’s degree in Field Epidemiology from Addis Ababa University collage of Health Science School of Public health Department of Field Epidemiology. The documents contain two measles outbreak investigations, surveillance data analysis, Surveillance system evaluation, Health Profile assessment, narrative summary of Land slide situation report, manuscripts, abstracts, research project, Training report, ORHB prepared Bulletin, and Annexes. The document was divided to nine chapters. Chapter One: Contains Measles outbreak investigations. I had conducted two outbreak investigations as main investigator and two as a co-investigator with other field epidemiology residents. I conducted measles outbreak in Babile Woreda of East Hararge Zone and the second in Ginnir Woreda of Bale Zone. Both the investigations were case control study design. The investigation report contains abstract, introduction, Rational of the study, methods, Result,discussions, Limitation, conclusion, recommendations, and references. Chapter Two: Contains report of measles surveillance data analysis conducted on North Shewa Zone Oromia region. The objective of this study was to assess the Epidemiology of Measles morbidity and mortality and its trends from 2013 to 2017G.C in North Shewa zone Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Chapter Three: In this chapters Public health surveillance system of malaria and measles report was documented. The chapter presents clear objective of surveillance system to evaluate the surveillance system of malaria and measles in North Shewa Zone, and recommend solutions for improvement. The surveillance key attributes were also assessed. Chapter Four: It Contains report of Health Profile assessment conducted in Yaya Gulale Woreda of North Shewa Zone Oromia region. In this chapter health and health related data of Woreda populations were evidently presented that was very useful for prioritizing problems. Seven sectors and all Stake holders of health and health related issues had accessed and presented with evidence. Chapter Five: One scientific Manuscript for Peer reviewed Journals was written in this chapter.The written manuscript was Measles surveillance data analysis of North shewa Zone Oromia Region. Chapter Six: Under this chapter two abstracts for scientific presentation on measles outbreak investigation in Babile Woreda of East Hararge Zone and five years measles surveillance data analysis of north shewa zone Oromia Regional state was included. Abstract of measles outbreakinvestigation was sent for 3rd annual conference of EFELTP conducted at EPHI. Chapter Seven: Narrative summary of the disaster situation report of displaced people by landslide in three Woredas of North Shewa Zone Oromia Region was written. The assessment waconducted to identify potential problems that need humanitarian assistance. Based on the reporfrom the assessment support requirement document was developed and shared with all stakholders government sector and potential partners for immediate response. Chapter Eight: Epidemiological projects proposal was developed on prevalence of MDR-TB and treatment outcome among tuberculosis patients attending at Fitche General Hospital oromiaEthiopia, 2019, that submitted to Addis Ababa University collage of Health Science School of Public Health Department of Field epidemiology. Chapter Nine: This chapter contain two additional out puts: training report given to healthfacilities, Woredas and zones of oromia regional states focal persons and PHEM officers, andORHB PHEM Directorate Weekly Bulletin prepared. Annex of this Body of Works is divided into 7 parts. Annex 1 and 2 was questionnaire fomeasles outbreak investigation. Tools for Public health surveillance system evaluation, healthprofile assessment were included in 3 and 4 respectively. Annex 5 was consent form of assessingof Prevalence’s of MDRTB from TB patients. MDR TB Data Collection Tool and Post andPretest for PHEM Basic training for PHEM officers were documented in annex 6 and 7respectively.
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    Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-04) Neamin Tesfaye ; Ayele Belachew; Wondimu Ayele; Negga Assamaw
    This document contains two years Field Epidemiology Training Program outputs, to be submitted to the school of public health for the fulfilment of the master’s degree in Field Epidemiology. This Compiled Body of Work has nine chapters and eight annexes. Reports of diseases outbreak investigations, public health surveillance data analysis, surveillance system evaluation, narrative summary of disaster situation report, manuscript and abstracts as well epidemiological project proposal with that additional output is incorporated within the nine chapters
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    Factors Affecting the Practices of Clinical Health Workers in Manual Patient Record Registration Process
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-02-01) Shimelis Shiferaw; Ayele Belachew
    Introduction:- The objective of the HMIS would be to record information on health events and check the quality of services at different levels of health care. One of the services is patient record registration process which could be affected by different factors. Objectives: - The general objective of this study was to assesses those factors like knowledge, attitudes, practices and demographic variables that might affect the practice of clinical health workers on manual patient record registration processes, in the case of Addis Ababa Public Hospitals. Methods:-An institution based cross sectional study was conducted using mixed (quantitative and qualitative) techniques. Two stage sampling methods were used to select the clinical health workers. Self administered questionnaires; interview and patient record review were used as data collection tools. A simple random sampling technique was used to access patient records. Percentile, frequencies, chi-square test and logistic regression were used for analysis. The study was conducted from February 2013 until December 2013. Results and Conclusion:- Regarding the practices 44.1% of the clinical health workers have poor practices on manual patient record registration process. Educational level, sex and knowledge level of the participants were found to be factors that affect manual patient record registration processes. From multivariate logistic regression the health officers show 10.3 time good practices than specialists. Diploma nurses have 3. 6 times good practices than the specialists. And also the B.Sc. nurses have shown 3.32 times good practices than the specialists. Regarding gender and practices on patient record registration process, males have 1.83 times good practice than females. To improve the practices of clinical health workers with high education level providing performance based motivation/ incentives may help in boosting the practices of patient record registration processes. Increasing number of nurses and implementing three shift systems might reduce the work load of the nurses. Providing sufficient attention and sufficient budget allocation by Addis Ababa Health Bureau is mandatory to improve data quality in hospitals.
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    Magnitude and Associated Factors of Depression and Anxiety among People with Hypertension in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Hospital Based Study.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-11) Yonatan Asmare; Ahmed Ali; Ayele Belachew
    Background: Hypertension is one of the leading risk factors for global mortality, being highly prevalent in low and middle income countries. Among people with chronic illnesses, like hypertension, the burden of depression and anxiety are higher. Presence of depression and anxiety among hypertensive patients lead to lack of adherence to treatment and poor compliance to lifestyle adjustments, which increase patient’s risk of morbidity and mortality. Unlike in high income countries, there is paucity of information on the burden of depression and anxiety among hypertensive patients in low income countries. Objectives: To assess proportion and factors associated with depression and anxiety among hypertensive patients attending selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in three randomly selected public hospitals. Through a systematic random sampling, a total of 416 hypertensive patients visiting anti-hypertensive clinics within the study period of the selected hospitals participated in the study. Data were collected through structured questionnaire administered by an interviewer. Depression and anxiety were assessed through Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. The collected data were cleaned, edited and entered in to epi-data version 3.1. Descriptive and bivariable and multivariable logistic analysis were done by using the statistical software, SPSS version 25. Results: According to the study, the prevalence of anxiety, depression and comorbid anxiety and depression were found to be 37.8%, 29.5% and 16.5% respectively. Factors found to have significant association with depression were female sex, presence of chronic comorbid illnesses, longer duration of hypertension, current alcohol drinking, family history of depression, marital status and uncontrolled blood pressure. Factors found to have significant association with anxiety were female sex, presence of chronic comorbid illnesses, longer duration of hypertension, current alcohol drinking, retired and non-paid job. Factors which were found to have significant association with comorbid anxiety and depression were female sex, presence of chronic comorbid illnesses, longer duration of hypertension, family history of depression, ever alcohol drinking. Conclusion: Higher proportion of depression and anxiety were observed in public health hospitals in Addis Ababa. They are also significantly associated with socio-demographic, clinical and behavioral characteristics. Clinicians should consider mental health status of hypertensive patients.
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    Magnitude and Related Factors of HIV Index Testing in Selected Government Health Facilities in Lideta Sub City Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-04) Girma Feleke; Ayele Belachew; Wondemu Ayele
    Introduction: Ethiopia is one of the countries’ most severely hit by HIV pandemic. Two percent of new HIV infection 3% of HIV-related death occurred in Ethiopia in 2017. The national adult HIV prevalence rate was 0.9% [1.2% in females and 0.7% males]. Index testing is focus on offering HIV testing to everyone exposed to HIV by the index case. Ethiopian Country Operation Plan (COP19) is focused on active case finding using Index Case Testing (ICT) (minimum 20% yields) as a major component of service delivery efforts. This research analyzed the HIV sero-prevalence among sexual partners and children of Index cases. Objectives: To assess the magnitude and associated factors of HIV index testing among index cases on ART follow-up in selected government health facilities in lideta subcity, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods: Mixed method facility-based cross-sectional study design was used. Pretested checklist was used to retrieve information from the client's medical record and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results were displayed in Odds ratio, confidence intervals, and P-value. Bivariate and multi variable analysis used to analyze HIV index testing and the factors associated with it. Qualitative data was collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using open code and thematic analysis approach. Result: A total of 385 index cases on patient card reviewed from ART follow-up. Out of two hundred ninety-one partners 84% and from 481 children 91% were tested. Sixty percent of partners and 9.6% of children's test results were positive. The odds of HIV index testing were higher in male partners AOR 8.43(1.32-8.94) than females. Index cases who had one children AOR of 7.59(2.39,26.95) and two children AOR of 3.47(1.2,10.4) times more likely HIV tested than index cases with no children. The qualitative test result showed that the major reasons for not testing their families were fear disclosure, fear of positive test result, stigma and discrimination and service related factors. Conclusions and Recommendation: This study showed that high proportions of index partners and children have been tested for HIV. Out of tested partners, the majority test result was positive. Factor that had a strong association with HIV index testing was being male partner and having one or two children. The health institutions should strengthen ICT service in the ART unit to ensure the sustainability of testing.
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    Occupational Noise Induced Hearing Loss among Dire Dawa Textile Workers
    (Addis Ababa University, 1995-04) Ayele Belachew; Sally Stansfield
    Although dangerous noise levels have been previously measured in Ethiopian factories, no studies have documented the importance of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). This study was designed to assess the prevalence and risk factors for NIHL i n a Dire Dawa textile mill . After a random start, a systematic sample of 630 workers were selected from among the 5900 factory employees. Data were collected through interviews, otologic examinations, pure tone audiometry and environmental noise surveys to document noise exposures. Noise level s as high as 110 dB(A) were detected, with average of 99. 5±3. 2 dB (A) in the weaving section and 89.0±2.5 dB(A) in the spinning section. Audiometric tests revealed a 34% overall prevalence of NIHL, with a higher rate (71.7% ) among weavers. NIHL was significantly associated only with level of noise, duration of exposure, and work section. Those who worked for 20 years or more had a nearly ten-fold increased risk of NIHL (OR=9.60, CI=3.40-23.30) Those chronically exposed to noise level of 90 dB(A) or more had a 14-fold increased risk of NIHL (OR=14.4 0 , CI=8.20-25 . 12 ) . Preventive interventions were generally absent, teeth no employees reporting use of personal protective devices (PPDs ) . It is recommended that a hearing conservation on program be promptly implemented .
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    Perspective and Experiences of Researchers Regarding Informed Consent for Biorepositories in Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-07) Siham Mohammed; Ayele Belachew; Lealem Minwuyelet; Kalkidan Solomon
    Background: Informed consent in biorepository-based research is a highly debated issue in the scientific community. Unlike one-time consent for a specific study, broad consent is required for future use of biospecimens. However, providing sufficient information about future research poses ethical challenges, making informed consent complex. Additionally, the use of complex procedures and terminology can make it difficult for individuals to fully comprehend the scope of their consent. As a result, the question of whether informed consent can be considered valid is a contentious and multifaceted issue. Given the significant increase in genomics and biorepository-based studies in Ethiopia, it is crucial to gain insight into the perspectives and experiences of researchers, sample donors, ethics committees, and other stakeholders involved in biorepositories. Objective: This study aims to explore and understand the perspective and experiences of researchers concerning informed consent for biorepository-based studies in Ethiopia. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted among 15 participants recruited using purposive intensity sampling. Face-to-face and virtual in-depth interviews were conducted with the study participants are well-experienced in biomedical research that involved collecting and storing human biospecimens from Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, and Armauer Hansen Research Institute. Data were organized using NVivo version 20 and analyzed thematically. Results: The study reveals that while information is clearly stated on the information sheet, the informed consent process is not flawless, due to complexity of the study, lack of scientific knowledge, traditional beliefs, and communication flaws during information delivery. Moreover, the absence of a standardized informed consent model specifically tailored to genetics and other biorepository-based research emerged as another primary challenge. Conclusion: Overall, the researchers viewed the informed consent paper positively, yet the consent process was perceived negatively due to participants' poor comprehension. This informs the need for testing comprehension levels before obtaining consent. Future multi-site studies shall be conducted to generate evidence on the opinions and experiences of ethics committees, study participants, and other key stakeholders on informed consent for biorepositories.
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    Relationship Between Postpartum depression and Infant Feeding Practice in Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, eastern Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia:2019.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-10) Angesom Weldu; Ayele Belachew; Mengistu Yilma
    Background: Optimal infant and young child feeding practices is a cornerstone of care for childhood physical and mental development and the most effective intervention to reduce infant morbidity and mortality. Infant feeding practice can be compromised by postpartum maternal mental health condition. Postpartum depression is a non-psychotic maternal mental disorder that occurs within one year of child birth. The aim of this study is to assess whether there is any difference in infant feeding practice among postpartum depressed and non-depressed mothers,the finding of which may help to design appropriate evidence based public health intervention. Objectives: To assess the association between postpartum depression and infant feeding practice in eastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia, 2018/19. Methods: comparative cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the influence of postpartum depression on infant feeding practices among randomly selected 525 postpartum women and infants who resides in Kilite Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance Site,northeast Tigray. Postpartum depression was assessed using self-reporting questionnaire-20 which was developed by World Health Organization and infant feeding practices was measured using modified questionnaire from United State Agency for International Development toolkit for monitoring and evaluation of breastfeeding practice based on 24hr recall and recall since birth method. A binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to determine the associations between postpartum depression and infant feeding practice by controlling potential confounders.Finally, variables with p-value ≤ 0.25 at bivariate analysis were included in the final model of multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Complete data from a total of 513 mothers was retrieved giving a response rate of 97.7%. The overall exclusive breast feeding rate was 160/293 54.6% (95% CI; 48.9%–60.3%).The overall of prevalence of appropriate complementary feeding practices was 14.1%(9.4%-18.6%).The overall odd of appropriate infant feeding was 1.7 times higher among mothers without postpartum depression (AOR= 1.71; 95% CI: 1.08-2.69). The odds of appropriate infant feeding among infants with birth order above three was 48% (AOR= 0.52; 95% CI: 0.28-0.97)less than those infants with birth order of three and below. Conclusion: low appropriate infant feeding practice was observed.Postpartum depression is an important contributor to appropriate infant feeding practice. Households with high monthly incomes and birth order above three were significantly associated with appropriate infant feeding practice. Recommendation: Based on the results of this study, routine screening of postnatal mothers and formulation of policies for integrating of postpartum depression into maternal and child health could mitigate the consequences of child undernutrition that could results from poor maternal mental health conditions.
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    Utilization of Long Acting and Permanent Contraceptive method and Associated Factors among Married Women in Adama Town, Oromia Region, Central Ethiopia: Community based Cross Sectional Study.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2014-07) Markos Desalegn; Ayele Belachew; Mulukan Gizaw
    Background፡ About 29% of couples in Ethiopia are not using any contraceptive methods to either space or limit childbirth. In addition long acting and permanent contraceptive method utilization is less than five percent. Objective: Is to assess level of utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods and associated factors among married women in Adama town. Methodology: Community Based Cross Sectional Study complemented with Qualitative method was conducted in four kebeles of Adama town from April15-30, 2014. Multistage sampling technique was used to select participant for quantitative part where as purposive sampling was used for qualitative part of the study. Quantitative data was cleaned and entered using Epi info 3.5.3 and analyzed using statistical package for social science version 20.0. Open code version 3.6.2.0 was used to code qualitative data. Factors associated with utilization of long acting and permanent contraceptive method were identified using logistic regression model and content analysis was done for qualitative data. Result: Eighty seven percent of the respondents knew long acting and permanent contraceptive and 55% had positive attitude about it. Magnitude of long acting and permanent contraceptive method was 20.9% and the main reason for not using was fear of side effect (63.5%). Current use long acting and permanent contraceptive method was higher among women who have high knowledge (AOR=5.26, 95% CI=1.90-14.69) and positive attitude about the method (AOR=3.25, 95% CI=1.60-6.58). Participants need to have more children use this method less likely compared to those did not want to have more children. Those who gave birth to 3-4 used long acting and permanent contraceptive methods more likely than those who did not give birth. In qualitative part, discussants have expressed their concern of side effect though they had knowledge about this method. Conclusion and recommendation: Current use of long acting and permanent contraceptive method in Adama town was low. The main reason for not using was fear of side effect. Main factors identified to affect use of this method were level of knowledge and attitude about long acting and permanent contraceptive methods. Targeted Information Education Communication Intervention should be intensified to improve utilization of this method.