School of Pharmacy

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Browsing School of Pharmacy by Author "Abay,Solomon Mequanente(PhD)"

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    Antitrypanosomal Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants against Trypanosoma congolense Field Isolate
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-11) Dereje,Beza; Abay,Solomon Mequanente(PhD)
    Trypanosomiasis is among the most common neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) of humans and animals. It mainly affects countries with poor health infrastructures and the actual disease burden is unknown. It is estimated that 10 to 14 million heads of cattle, goats and a million equines are at risk of contracting the disease in Ethiopia. Trypanocidal drugs are currently facing a number of problems like toxicity, resistance and availability issues. These limitations have prompted the search for new, safe and effective drugs. In Ethiopia, the seed of Brucea antidysentrica, the leaf of Clematis hirsuta and the root of Rumex nepalensis are used to treat animal trypanosome infection by traditional healers. The study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of selected medicinal plants against Trypanosoma congolense and in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of the most active plant. The plants were extracted by 80% methanol maceration and tested for their in vitro activity using motility test (at concentration of 4, 2, 0.4 and 0.1 mg/ml) for cessation or reduction in motility of trypanosomes followed by monitoring for loss of infectivity of mice. After 12 days of T. congolense field isolate inoculation of mice and peak parasitaemia level (~108 trypanosomes/ml) was reached, 80% methanol extract of roots of Rumex nepalensis was administered at doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg orally once daily for 7 days. ii The packed cell volume, body weight, parasitaemia level and rectal temperature were used as parameters for monitoring in vivo activity by comparing with the positive control: 28 mg/kg dose of diminazene aceturate and negative control: 1% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) treated groups. The statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. The motility of T. congolense was ceased by R. nepalensis, B. antidysentrica, and C. hirsuta at concentration of 4mg/ml within 10, 25 and 35min, respectively. Mice treated with 4mg/ml of R. nepalensis and Diminazene aceturate caused loss of infectivity of trypanosomes in mice for 21 days after the inoculation of the in vitro mixtures. The 80% methanol extract of roots of Rumex nepalensis at dose of 2000 mg/kg did not show acute toxicity signs and symptoms. Highly significant (p<0.001) reduction in pre-treatment parasitaemia from (7.30±0.06) to (2.70±1.21) trypanosomes/ml on day 8 of treatment and increased PCV from (45.83±0.31) to (48.00±0.26) and body weight increased from (22.63±0.55) to (26.60±1.14) gram at day 14 was recorded in mice treated with 80% methanol extract of roots of R. nepalensis at the dose of 400 mg/kg. The results revealed that the selected medicinal plants showed antitrypanosomal activity that supports their traditional claim and prompted further studies on isolated active substances from these plants.
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    Treatment Outcome and Determinants of Mortality among Pediatric Patients with Severe Acute Malnutrition at Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Mulu,Adugnaw; Abay,Solomon Mequanente(PhD); Sada,Oumer(Ass.Prof.)
    Malnutrition is categorized into two groups based on its severity: moderate acute malnutrition and severe acute malnutrition (SAM). The study aimed to assess the outcome of SAM treatment and its determinants of mortality at Yekatit 12 Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The study was conducted at Yekatit 12 Hospital which is one of the public teaching hospitals. A prospective follow up study was conducted from January 2020- January 2021. Each pediatric patient included in this study was followed throughout the treatment period and the outcome variable measured and declared at the end of the follow up period. The data was cleaned, coded and entered to EPI info 7 software version 7.1.4 and SPSS version 26 for analysis. Percentages, frequency, cross tabulation, odds ratio variables were determined. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was under taken to determine predictors of mortality among SAM patient. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. In this study a total of 246 pediatric patients with the diagnosis of SAM were included, more than half 127 (51.6%) of them were males. Most of the study participants 104 (42.3%) were less than one year old at the time of study period and most majority of them 177 (72.0%) were residing in urban areas of the country. The most frequent co-morbid condition among study participants was pneumonia, which accounted for 39.4% of cases. Among the survived study participants, majority of them 189 (80%) were cured and discharged from the hospital. In the current study, the majority of the study participants (95.9%) survived at the end of the follow-up period. SAM patients with vomiting (AOR=24.3, 95% CI: 1.554-38.13, P=0.033), dermatitis (AOR=2.23, 95% CI: 1.082-4.612, P=0.030) and those who spent 8-12 days in phase I (AOR=2.23, 95% CI: 1.082-4.612, P=0.030) had a greater risk of death than their counterparts. On the other hand, children who got antibiotics for 15-21 and 22-28 days, as well as folic acid and ReSoMal, had a greater survival rate. Since a considerable number of SAM patients in this study were case relapses, long term monitoring and evaluation, set up procedures for keeping tracking and assessing the effectiveness of initiatives to lower SAM mortality.