Epidemiology

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Browsing Epidemiology by Author "Adamu Addissie,"

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    Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-02) MillionTumato; Adamu Addissie, ; Richard Luce
    This body of work which contains various outputs of epidemiological investigatigations onoutbreaks/epidemics and health related emergencies, assessmentand evaluation of surveillance systems,healthprofiles and compilation of various investigation findings and the like wasproduced as Thesis tofulfill partial requirement demanded for MPH degree in School of Public Health (SPH), Addis AbabaUniversity (AAU), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, February 2011. It contains backgrounds, methods, results and discussions of differentresearch activities undertaken while accomplishing very tasks of competency based field attachment which was scheduled to be carried out by residents upon finishing theoretical part of courses in Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training program(EFELTP).EFELTP is a program which is first of its kind in the country and was established on February2 /2009. Ultimate goal of this program is enhancement of dependable progress in public health development of the country. Desirable outcomes are expected to be achieved by making unreserved collaborative efforts through providing trainings to public health workers who were engaged in public health services provision activities in their respective regions in attempt of empowering their capacities in the field and use them as vanguard health cadres in efforts being made to address particularly most pressing public health problems there by enabling them contribute their level best in this regard. This program also renders various supports to empower laboratory service capacity to enable the system provide quality services to needy communities. It also provides supports to undertake epidemiological investigations on outbreaks/epidemics and health related emergency events. Moreover it is being implemented in geared attempt of strengthening production and communication of evidence based to those in need to undertake possible intervention activities to address public health problems of the country. It also gives emphasis on supporting demand driven health research activities through provision of required logistics and supplies and creating strong links between health programs, national and international health institutions, health research institutions and collaborating with local and international partners and make unreserved efforts to meet set objectives of the program. To accomplish very mission of the program it placed utmost emphasis on communicable diseases and health related events prevention and control activities undertakings through provision of required supports of different sorts. Adopting this strategy of option is very useful to eventually bring about enhancement in health development progress. This approach can be regarded as vital for more than 80% of communicable diseases occurringparticularly in developing countries can be prevented and controlled if proper strategies of option beadopted and implemented as situations warrant. Currently magnitude of emerging and reemerging communicable diseases particularly epidemic prone ones show increasing tendency in low income countries of the world.. In Ethiopia burden of communicable diseases particularly epidemic prone ones ison increase and as result of which the need to escalate responses to address this cause is unquestionable. This compiled body of work prepared as Thesis can be considered as contribution made to on going national efforts being made to address issue of pressing public health problems of the country as residents used to undertake required activities in teams as the program presupposes this approach to be implemented for best results in this field. Moreover during field attachment period when ever any health emergency situation occurs residents were made to actively collaborate with health facilities, institutions and local and international partners (FMOH, AAU, EPHA, WHO, CDC, UNICEF...) to contribute to concerted efforts and conjoint action being taken to address public health problems. Therefore this activities and their outcome contained in the body of work regarded as results of efforts made by mentioned institutions and their officers for intervention activities were undertaken conjointly. Body of work of this Thesis included: Reports on epidemiological investigations of outbreaks/epidemics/and related health emergency events, Reports on evaluations of surveillance activities, humanitarian needs assessments and assessment results of health profile of selected zone, woreda sand health facilities were also incorporated. Moreover it contains different pieces of scientific writing including Abstracts, manuscripts and possible scientific publication bulletins prepared on different health events which can be used to communicate research findings to all in need to undertake possible intervention measures Having made general summary on What is meant by Body of work for this Thesis in Field Epidemiology and accomplished very task of describing its overall contents, I here after explain about Epidemiological investigations(outbreaks/Epidemics/Related health emergencies, assessments. evaluations of various surveillance systems, profiles and the like), what assessment was undertaken where, when and duration of intervention and methods used to investigate issues/health problems deserved utmost priority. AWD outbreak/epidemic investigation/intervention activities wereundertaken for ten days in Gewane,Burimedaytoand Amibara districts in zone 3, Afar, Ethiopia, June 2009. After onemonth in the sameregion Afar team of Joint mission support to containAWD involvingpartners mentioned above and effortto deal with this problem was made for 02 weeks on July 2009. Since problem of AWD was encounteredalmost in all regions of the country, Multi sectoral involvement in intervention activities undertaken toescalateresponse to contain AWD outbreak. Similarly mentioned multi sectoral team went to DasenechWoreda, S.Omo Zone,SNNPR,December 2010. Methods adopted to investigate outbreaks of AWDincluded: Review of surveillance data, active case search, and Clinical examination of suspected caseswho fulfilled set criteria for case definition, environmental analysisand use of laboratory to investigatestool samples to confirm diagnosis. Based on produced evidence based information immediateintervention activities were implemented to prevent and control the outbreak inattempt of containing it.Because of unreserved efforts made by health service providers, partners and by and large activeinvolvement of communities it was possible to contain outbreaks of AWD in any of the regions affected.It was only in Addis Ababa where(July-December 2009) the epidemic was that of large scale involvingvarious segments of communities and practically all sub-cities where containingof the epidemicdelayedfor 06 months.Even in thiscitythough its magnitude was relatively higher as compared to other regionsthanks to unreserved concerted efforts and conjoint actions of all parties ir waspossible to contain it. Similarly different epidemiological investigations/assessmemts/evaluations were undertaken in differentplaces affecting different populationand for certain period of time.Ultimate goal of undertakingsuchinvestigations was to produce evidence based information and communicate to those inneed to takeappropriate measures to address public health problems particularly most pressing problems of thecountry. Analysis ofsurveillance (IDSR)data(05years)was done in Addis Ababa for06 monthsfromApril toAugust 2009. Outbreak investigation and surveillance activities were undertaken from May-Juneandongoing active surveillance activities with interventions lasted for more than 06 months, up to April 2010.Assessment of magnitude and trends of 10 years (2000-2009) road traffic accidents was undertaken formonthsfromDecember 2009-June 2010. Moreover outbreak investigation of measles and Relapsing feverin Kolfe-keranio sub-city, Addis Ababa was undertaken in February 2010. RelevantInvestigations together with laboratory testingweredone. After laboratory testing diagnosis wasConfirmed and prompt intervention activities were undertaken to contain outbreaks and prevent andcontrol outbreaks from occurring in the future. In additionMeasles surveillance evaluation and Healthprofile assessment activities were done for one month in Sidama zone, SNNPR, December 2010.Assessment of Humanitarian Needs assessment activities were conducted in Southern Nations,Nationalitiesand Peoples region, Ethiopia, July 2010. Proposal on magnitudeand trends of road trafficaccidents in SNNPR and Oromia regions was preparedand submitted to School of PublicHealth (SPH),
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    Compiled Body of Works in Field Epidemiology
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-03) Belay Bezabih; Richard Luce; Adamu Addissie,
    Background: Diarrheal diseases are a global problem, but are especially prevalent in developing countries in conditions of poor environmental sanitation, inadequate water supplies, poverty and limited education. Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the outbreak epidemiologically & provide guidance on interventions to be taken in the control & prevention of the disease. Methods: 58 cases were selected conveniently & interviewed with structured questionnaire. All clinic pharmacy prescriptions from 10/05/2009-16/05/2009 were reviwed & duplicate prescriptions were excluded. Student cafeterias, latrines, water supply, & cooking rooms were observed. Stool & drinking water samples were also collected to verify the etiologic agent. Then data were analyzed using Epinfo version3.3.2 & Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 538 cases were identified during the outbreak and 482 (89.6%) of them were males. The median & rang of age of cases was 20 & 31 years respectively. The attack rate and case fatality rate was 49% and <1% respectively. 69.0% (40), 22.4 %( 13), & 8.6 %( 5) of the interviewed cases had >6, 4 to 6 & <4 episodes of diarrhea per 24 hrs respectively. Only 22.4 % (13) of the interviewed cases practiced hand washing with soap after latrine while 89.7 % (52) of them made hand washing with soap before any meal. 57.9% (n=58) of cases had also contact history to an individual with similar illness, i.e. either they cared the case or sharing of drinking & eating utensils. Piped water source was used for cooking, cleaning utensils and hand washing. There was no bath room latrine for food handlers who were working in student cafeterias. No pathogen could have been isolated from stool samples which were analyzed in the microbiology laboratory. Conclusions & recommendations :The overall attack rate was high (49%) and based on the case definition and characteristics observed on antibiotic treatment the cause of the outbreak could be shigellosis however the etiology was not confirmed by laboratory. But other agents lik Enterotoxigenic Escherchia coli (ETEC) could not be excluded. Hand washing & other hygienic practices were inconsistent among students & college food handlers & it needs continuous follow up and health education on sanitation issues should be strengthened. Training of health workers on recording and reporting of cases especially during outbreak is necessary. Responsible bodies (like local or regional health bureaus) should also offer training for health workers on epidemic diseases, supervise & monitor the college clinic regularly.