Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Staphylococcus Species isolated From Raw Milk, Swabs of Udders, Milking Utensils and Milkers Hands in Small Holder and Dairy Farms in Ambo and Guder Town
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Date
2015-10
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Addis Ababauniversity
Abstract
A cross sectional study was conducted in Guder and Ambo town from December to June
2015, to estimate the prevalence, determine the associated risk factors and antibiotic
susceptibility profiles of isolated Staphylococcus species from raw milk, udder swabs,
milkers’ hand and swabs of utensils. A total of 339 samples were collected from small
holder and dairy farms. These samples contained 135 raw milk, 25 swabs from milkers’
hands, 135 swabs of udder and 44 swab samples from milking utensils. Primary and
secondary biochemical tests were used to identify the Staphylococcus species; risk factors
were assessed through interview and personal observation and Antibiotic disk diffusion
method using Kirby Bauer technique was applied for Antimicrobial susceptibility test.
Staphylococcus species identified from all samples were categorized into Coagulase
Negative Staphylococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus intermedius and
Staphylococcus hyicus. The prevalence of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus,
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hycius and Staphylococcus intermedius found
from milk in the study area were 40%, 12.6%, 16.2% and 5.9%, respectively. The
prevalence of Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus was 43.7% from swab of udder, 36.6%
from swab of milking utensils and 40% from swab of milkers hands. In addition, the
prevalence of S. aureus was 15.5% from swab of udder, 9% from swab of milking utensils
and 20% from swabs of milkers hands. Using chi- square test association between risk
factors and isolation of Staphylococcus species from milk was analyzed. The result
indicated that the prevalence of Staphylococcus species in milk had statistically significant
association based on parity (P= 0.036, usage of towels (P=0.006) and previous treatment
(P= 0.022). Out of 108 coagulase positive Staphylococcus species identified, 50 isolates
were subjected to 12 antimicrobial susceptibility disks (Erythromycin, Pencillin,
Steptomycin, Tetracycline, Sulphamethoxazole-Trimethoprim, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin,
Nitrofuranton, Amoxacylin, Nalidxic Acid, Doxycycline and Ampicillin) (Oxoid, Basing
Stoke, UK). The result of antimicrobial susceptibility tests indicated that 100% isolated
Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to Ampicillin and Penicillin, 90% to Amoxicillin,
45% to Nalidxic Acid, 40% to Tetracycline and 20% to Doxycycline. Out of tested S.
intermedius isolates 100% were resistant to Ampicillin, 70% to Nalidixic Acid and
Pencillin, 50% to Vancomyin and 10% to Amoxacillin. Among 20 S. hyicus isolates 90%
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were resistant to Ampicillin, 85% to Penicillin, 60% to Amoxacillin, 15% to Streptomycin
and Tetracycline. On the contrary, all tested Staphylococcus species isolates were
susceptible to Ciprofloxacin. The current study revealed that the prevalence of
Staphylococcus species in raw milk was high and isolates of Staphylococcus species were
resistant to a number of drugs. Therefore, raw milk should be pasteurized and handled
hygienically. In addition, further research should be done on the factor favor multidrug
resistant Staphylococcus species and other risk factors responsible for milk contamination
in the study area.
Keywords: Ambo, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles, Dairy Farms, Guder,
Identification, Isolation, Raw Milk, Small holder, Staphylococcus
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Keywords
Ambo, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles, Dairy Farms, Guder, Identification, Isolation, Raw Milk, Small Holder, Staphylococcus