Study of Peste des Petits Ruminants (RRP) Outbreaks: Isolation, Molecular detection, and Serological identification in Small ruminants of Borana pastoral area, Ethiopia
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Date
2024
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Addis Abeba University
Abstract
PPR is a severe, highly transmissible transboundary virus disease that primarily affects pastoral areas by seriously compromising the health of both domestic animals and wild herbivores. An outbreak investigation was carried out from October 2023 to January 2024 in Borana and East Borana zones to figure out the PPR status in sheep and goats by isolation, molecular detection and assessing the antibodies level amongst small ruminants by purposively collecting serum(n=102) and swabs (n=48) samples from the flocks exhibiting active clinical symptoms resembling PPR.. From 48 swabs and 102 serum, 26(54.2%) and 70(68.6%) was positive for RT-PCR and b-ELISA respectively. All positive samples identified by RT-PCR underwent further processing for virus isolation by
infecting Vero Dog SLAM (VDS) cells. Among the 26 samples cultured, 17 (65.4%) displayed typical cytopathic effects. To measure the agreement of the two diagnostic techniques that performed on the common animals was analyzed by Kappa statistics (κ) which revealed an agreement between the two tests was 40.7% with kappa value -0.16, it indicating that no agreement between the two tests (RT-PCR and b-ELISA). Goats were the only species suffering with clinical symptoms but no pathological evidence of PPR reported in sheep. Serologically, female animals (72.7%) were highly tested positive than male (61.1%) and the highest percentage was found in old animals followed by adults, young was the least. The sex-wise percentage of RT-PCR value for PPRV was higher in
male than females. Unauthorized animal movement, flock size, rearing practices and management system, communal grazing, mixing of unknown origin, lack of quarantine practices are the main factors identified for the continuous emerging of PPRV in study area. The persistent clinical manifestations, high anti-PRV antibody levels, successful virus isolation, and precise nucleic acid detection by RT-qPCR all suggest PPRV as the primary cause of the continuous outbreak in the study area. We recommended controlling animal movement, quarantine newly purchased animals, isolating the symptomatic animals from a flock and effective mass vaccination against the disease among small ruminants.
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Keywords
b-ELISA, Borana, Cell culture, Outbreak, RT-PCR, PPR, sheep and goat