Phytochemical Studies of Myrica Salicifolia, Clematis Simensis and Olinia Usambarensis
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Date
2024-06
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Addis Ababa University
Abstract
Myrica salicifolia A Rich (Myricaceae) is a tree growing in Central and East Africa. Traditionally the plant is applicable in the treatment of malaria, respiratory disorders, inflammations, and infections. The leaves and stem barks of Clematis simensis are traditionally used to treat tinea capitis, dermatitis, tropical ulcers, wounds and cancer. One of the African medicinal plants, Olinia usambarensis, is well known for its traditional use in various forms of medicine to treat fever, respiratory issues, digestive issues, headaches, and scabies. In this study, the plant materials were collected from Debresina, and Northern Shewa, Ethiopia. The essential oil extractions of the samples were carried out via hydrodistillation.
The composition of the essential oil from roots and leaves of Myrica salicifolia, aerial part of Clematis simensis, and barks of Olinia usambarensis was analyzed by GCMS.
A total of 79 compounds were identified by GC-MS. The major compounds in the essential oils from roots and leaves of Myrica salicifolia were trans-3-hexen-1-ol (52.62%) and n-hexadecanoic acid (46.69%). On the other hand, the essential oil obtained from the aerial part of Clematis simensis and barks of Olinia usambarensis were predominantly (E)-2-nonen-1-ol (38.33%), 4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione (28.69%), and n-hexadecanoic acid (28.83%). Three terpenes, namely squalene (77), β-carotene (78), and β-sitosterol (80), and one chlorin, namely pheophytin a (79), were isolated from the leaves of M. salicifolia. The
chloroform-methanol (2:1) crude extract of the stem barks of M. salicifolia was fractionated using column chromatography to afford three diarylheptanoids (myricanone (28), myricanol (29), myricanol-11-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (32)), four triterpenoids (taraxerone (81), taraxerol (82), myricadiol (83), 3β-O-trans-caffeoylisomyricadiol (84)), one pyranoside (methyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (85)). This is the first report of compounds 81, 82, 83, 84, and 85 from the stem barks of M. salicifolia. Five compounds, namely taraxerol (82), β-sitosterol (80), sitoindoside I (87), myricanone (28), and myricanol 5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (30), were also isolated from the roots of M. salicifolia. Furthermore, three compounds, namely 2-deoxy-D-ribono-1,4-lactone (88), 5-hydroxylevulinic acid (89), and β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (90), were isolated from the aerial part of Clematis simensis. Three compounds, namely lupeol (91), n-pentacosyl trans-ferulate (92), and 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylcaffeic acid (72), were isolated and characterized from the barks of Olinia usambarensis. The structures of these compounds were determined using a comprehensive analysis of 1D/2D NMR, HR-MS, FT-IR and comparison with literature data. In this work, the isolated compounds and crude extracts of Myrica salicifolia, and aerial part of Clematis simensis were screened for antibacterial activity using disk diffusion agar method, and the activities revealed that both myricanol-11-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (32) and 3β-O-trans-caffeoylisomyricadiol (84) showed modest antibacterial activity with
inhibition zones of 10.0 mm against S. pyogenes and 9.0 mm against S. aureus at 250 μg/mL. The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts and isolated compounds were also evaluated using the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. The crude extracts and isolated compounds from the stem barks of Myrica salicifolia, roots of Myrica salicifolia, aerial part of Clematis simensis, and barks of Olinia usambarensis showed very weak (IC50 = 458.8 μg/ml) to very strong (IC50 = 2.97 μg/ml) DPPH scavenging activities. The observed IC50 value showed that roots of Myrica salicifolia exhibited highest antioxidant activity (IC50 = 2.97 μg/ml).
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Keywords
Phytochemical Studies, Myrica Salicifolia, Clematis Simensis, Olinia Usambarensis