Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Moringa Stenopetala Leaf Water Extract for Ciprofloxacin Delivery against Resistant Escherichia Coli
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Date
2022-01
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Addis Ababa University
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a critical public health issue in the world which is now challenging
the effectiveness of drugs and successful treatment of infectious disease as well as poverty
eradication due to its significant financial burden. Urinary tract infection is the most common
nosocomial infection which is mostly caused by Escherichia coli. Like other infectious disease,
its management has become challenging due to antimicrobial resistance. To tackle this problem
researchers develop various suitable alternatives including inorganic nanoparticles like zinc
oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) which are known for their antimicrobial activity, and use of these
nanoparticles for the delivery of antibiotics to benefit from the synergetic effect against resistant
microbials. Therefore, our study aimed to synthesize ZnONPs using water extracts of Moringa
Stenopetala leaf which is an endemic plant to Ethiopia, north Kenya and east Somali.
Nanoparticles were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction
(XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential
scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetric (DSC-TGA) analysis and fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR). Then, nanoparticles were loaded with ciprofloxacin and characterized
using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, DLS and FTIR to confirm the effective loading of
ciprofloxacin on nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were also evaluated for their drug delivery
potential. The drug loading content and drug entrapment efficacy were 49.1% and 96.5 %,
respectively. The drug loaded nanoparticles were also evaluated for their drug releasing behavior
at four different pH conditions (1.2, 6.0, 6.8 and 7.4 to simulate gastric, E.coli infected urinary
tract, intestine and blood pH values, respectively). The result revealed that the loaded
ciprofloxacin were efficiently released from ZnONPs at the site of E.coli infected uroepithelium
environment in a sustained manner but with instant release in acidic pH due to the higher
solubility of the drug and the nanoparticle in acidic pH. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of
ZnONPs and ciprofloxacin loaded NPs was evaluated and compared with ciprofloxacin alone by
the disc diffusion method. Accordingly, the drug loaded ZnONPs showed promising result
against ciprofloxacin resistant E.coli and significantly enhanced the antibacterial activity of
ciprofloxacin against this pathogen compared with ciprofloxacin and the unloaded NPs.
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Keywords
Antimicrobial resistance; Drug delivery; Green synthesis; Moringa Stenopetala; Zinc oxide nanoparticles.