Browsing by Author "Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)"
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Item Assessment of factors Affecting Uptake of Community Based Health Insurance among Sabata Hawas Woreda Community, Oromiya Region(Addis Abeba Universty, 2017-06) Shibeshi, Shiferaw; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: Many households in low and middle income countries face financial catastrophe and impoverishing effects of paying for health services out-of-pocket. There is increasing advocacy for community-based health insurance schemes as part of a broader solution to health care financing problems in low-income countries, but up to date there were very limited uptake of CBHI scheme Objective: To asses factors affecting up-take of community based health insurance scheme Methods: Both qualitative and quantitative study designs were used. For the quantitative method, cross- sectional study was conducted in December 2016, to assess factors affecting uptake of CBHI in Sabata Hawas Woreda. To support quantitative study, qualitative study was conducted using three focus group discussions. Quantitative data was entered in to EPI info then exported to SPSS for cleaning and analyzing while qualitative data were transcribed and translated into English and then manipulated manually by grouping the ideas into similar thematic sets. Results: Among 630 study participants who were interviewed, 503(79.8%) were male. This study revealed that uptake of CBHI scheme among HH heads whose their annual income <40,000 birr/year were less likely than those whose their income > 40,000 birr/year, OR=0.562; 95% CI (0.371, 0.850).Uptake of CBHI among respondents whose their family size <5 were less likely than those who have >5 family, AOR =0.404; 95% CI (0.271, 0.603). Uptake of CBHI among study participants who have no awareness about CBHI less likely than who have awareness, AOR =0.148; 95% CI (0.039, 0.565).Uptake of CBHI among study participants who were not experienced illness in the last six months during the study period were less likely than who fallen , AOR=0.606; 95 % CI (0.406, 0.904).Uptake of CBHI among respondents who thought payment of premium is to finance future health care needs were more likely than who were not, OR=2.046 ;95% CI (1.256, 3.334).Uptake of CBHI among respondents who didn’t know whether CBHI is like saving scheme will receive interest and get money back were less likely than who knew as if interests and money paid couldn’t get back in cash, OR=0.374 ;95% CI (0.171, 0.816).Uptake of CBHI among respondents who trust their local CBHI management were more likely than those who didn’t know whether trustful or not, AOR= 2.006(1.301, 3.091) Conclusion and recommendations: From this study it was concluded that, family size, annual income, awareness about CBHI, illness experience and perception towards payment of premium is to finance future health care needs, CBHI is like saving scheme receive interest and get money back and trust on local CBHI management were factors which influences uptake of CBHI. Many efforts needed to improve availability of drug and prolonged waiting time to get health services as well as on awareness creation and on concepts of the features of CBHI so as to familiarize the community with the scheme.Item Assessment of magnitude and factors affecting nutritional status of HIV infected under-five children at five public hospitals in Addis Ababa and its programmatic implication(2014-02) Mekonnen, Atnafu; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: Even though malnutrition can affect any child who is at risk, HIV infected children are at a greater risk to have malnutrition due to the synergistic relationship between infection and malnutrition. Objective: to assess factors affecting nutritional status of HIV infected under-five children at five public hospitals in Addis Ababa. Methods: the research was conducted at five public hospitals in Addis Ababa using a cross-sectional research design and data was collected from June 3 to September 20, 2013. Using simple random sampling method 243 under five HIV infected children were included in the study. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection and data was analyzed by running simple frequencies, odds ratio and binary logistic regression. Result: The prevalence of underweight, stunting and Global Acute Malnutrition among the children were 15.4%, 62.1% and 2.5% respectively. Under multivariate analysis CD4 percentage equal to or above 25% was protective of stunting while always not having enough food in the family of the child was significant in the model for predicting stunting. Maternal age from 36-49 years old was found to be protective of being underweight while being a girl was protective of wasting. Conclusion and recommendation: the magnitude of chronic malnutrition in the HIV infected under five children having follow up in the five public hospitals was very high which can affect survival. It needs intervention by addressing the food insecurity and CD4 percentage value of the child which were related to it.Item Assessment of Quality of Expanded Program on Immunization In Oromia Zone of Amhara Region(Addis Abeba Universty, 2006-06) Ashene, Negussu; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)One of the goals of global program on immunization for the last two decades has been to reach all children of the world with vaccination services. Though the program aimed to reach all children of the world, around three million children still die each year from vaccine preventable disease. These deaths mostly occur in developing countries where health systems may be weak and less able to cope with an overwhelming set of health problem. Moreover, in previous time much of the attention was given to increase the EPI coverage, but now the expanded program on immunization (EPI) is placing emphasis on the quality of the services and a review of existing literature strongly suggests that the quality of service provided is an important determinant of acceptance and compliance with the service. In Ethiopia, some of the important factors that impede progress towards the achievement of the expected EPI coverage are; poor staff motivation, infrequent in-services training and inadequate supervision, and most EPI service evaluation focused on achievements of coverage and give less regard to the quality of services. Therefore, this health service based cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to assess the quality of EPI service in Oromia Zone of Amhara National Regional State. Health institutions were selected based on simple random sampling technique and level of client satisfaction was assed by interviewing mothers /caretakers at the exit site of the selected health institutions after taken the immunization service. Data from the health vii institutions were taken by Observing cold chain system, interview with immunization service providers and inventory of logistics. The result showed that 422 (93.7%) of mothers/ caretakers were satisfied with the quality of the services. Out of the nine selected health institutions, three (33.3%) had no refrigerator, all service providers working in the selected health institutions have adequate knowledge on immunization activities, and most health institutions were not supervised for the last 6 months. Adjusted Odds ratio results from multiple logistic regression for mothers /care takers satisfaction suggested that waiting time, history of facing problem after taking vaccination and discussion with health workers during immunization sessions were found to be significant determinants of mothers’/care takers satisfaction towards EPI services. Generally, the quality of EPI service in the study area was found to be good but for a generalization to be made, further studies has to be made with large sample size at regional and national level to assess the quality of the programmeItem Assessment of Quality of Midwifery Care in Teaching and non- Teaching Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2016-06) Admassu, Azeb; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: Quality of midwifery care improves health outcomes by providing technically sound care for clients (1). This quality may affected by teaching and learning process. some literature says that teaching learning process has positive influence on quality of midwifery care (14) but others studies done in Iran says that quality of maternity care is poor in teaching hospital than non teaching hospital (20) . In our country Ethiopia no study is done on hospital teaching status affects quality of midwifery care. As this study is new and fill the evidence gap on issue. Objective: To assess the quality of midwifery care in teaching and non-teaching hospital by comparing the two types of hospitals and measuring satisfaction, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology: Facility based cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 416 mothers who had received labor and delivery service in St. Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College and All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Hospital which are teaching and non- teaching hospitals respectively. A systematic random sampling technique was employed to select mothers who were admitted for delivery and gave birth in the study ward. Data collection was done by administrating structured questionnaire and using standard observation checklist. In the analysis, descriptive statistics was used and multivariate and bi variate analysis for significance and association were carried out. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from Addis Ababa University School of Public Health and St Paul Hospital millennium Medical Collage Ethical Review Committee and permission litter obtained from All Africa Leprosy, Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Hospital. Results: It was found that mothers in the non-teaching hospital were 5.4 times more likely to be satisfied than in the teaching hospital (COR (C l) (5.46 (3.39, .8.31) p value 0.001)) and quality of midwifery care was 1.49 times more likely good in non-teaching hospital than in teaching; (COR (CI) (1.49 (1.018, 2.206) P value 0.040). Conclusion: In conclusion the quality of midwifery care is affected by teaching learning process which is quality carries higher in the non-teaching hospital compared with the teaching hospital. From bi variant logistic regression finding, mothers in the non-teaching hospital were 5.4 times more likely to be satisfied than in the teaching hospital.Item Assessment of Risky Sexual Behavior and Parental Communication among youth in Dilla Town, Gedeo Zone, South, Nation, Nationality and People National Region, 2012(Addis Abeba Universty, 2012-06) Eshete, Akine; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: A risky sexual behavior brings serious consequences to the health and well-being of youths. To lessen such consequences sexual communication plays a crucial role. Studies done in different countries showed that family communication on a sexual issue has been positively associated with a delay of risky sexual behaviors. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of risky sexual behavior and factors associated with it among youths and youth-parent communication on sexual issues in Dilla town, Gedeo Zone, south Ethiopia, 2012. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative study supplemented by qualitative method was conducted from January 5 to 25 in Dilla town. A total of 598 respondents were involved in the study. Quantitative data were collected using structured interviewer administered questionnaires; and qualitative data were collected by FGDs. Data entered and analyzed using EPI INFO version 3.5.1 and SPSS version 16 respectively. A univariate and bivariate analysis was carried out and multivariate analysis was computed to identify associated factors of risky sexual behavior. The recorded FGDs of qualitative data were transcribed verbatim. Each of the terms/ cluster/ were combined in to discrete /separate/ concepts and coded. Over all interpretation was performed in relation to the study questions. Results: Nearly half, (48.3%) of sexual practice was unprotected with similar proportion of males and females (24.8% Vs 23.5%) among study subjects in last 12 months. Males were two times more likely to have multiple sexual partners than females (AOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.02, 4.21). Furthermore, (23.9%) of sexually active youths had multiple sexual partners and (12.6%) of sexually active youths had sex with non-regular sexual partners in last 12 months. Females were nearly three times more likely had sex with non-regular partners than males (AOR: 2.67, 95% CI: 1.10, 6.51). With regard to youth-parent communication, 22.9% of youths have had discussion on sexual issues with their parents. Youths prefer the same sex from their parents as well as from their peer friends to discuss sexual matters. Conclusion: Risky sexual behavior was very common in both sexes. Youths who were substance users and who lacked parental communication were more likely to have risky sexual behavior.Item Assessment of the difference of school feeding programme on school participation among primary school children in Bishoftu Town, East Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State(Addis Abeba Universty, 2014-07) Guta, Asmamaw; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Introduction: Empirical studies reveal that school feeding programs have significant positive impact on school participation. Such studies suggest school feeding programs are effective in encouraging school enrollment, enhancing class attendances, and lowering student drop-outs. To the contrary, few other studies reveal that there are no observable impacts of school feeding program on school participation Objective: Compare the difference in school participation; specifically on school enrollment, class attendance and drop-out of students of school feeding program beneficiary and nonbeneficiary children of primary school, in Bishoftu Town of East Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods: Community based comparative cross-sectional study was employed to compare the difference in school participation of 428 respondents from school feeding program and 428 respondents from non school feeding program schools. Simple random sampling technique was employed to identify the schools and study participants; household questionnaire, key informant interviews and school record review were used to collect data. Collected quantitative data were analyzed using mean, proportion, independent sample test and bivariate correlation techniques. The study was carried out after getting permission from research and ethics committee of School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University College of Health Science. Results: Except enrollment (p=.001) the study found no significant positive effect of school feeding program on two of school participation indicators (attendance and drop-out), although it has some roles with regard to these objectives. The result also shows that the major factors affecting school enrollment are availability of school, school factor, distance to school, the availability of food incentives and safety concerns. Whereas, those affecting class attendance and student drop-out were illness, domestic work (29.3% for SFP and 21.41% for non SFP households), school hour hunger and distance to school. Besides, it has been determined that even among beneficiary (p=0.001) households, the older the household head is the higher likely that the children get enrolled. However, it is found that neither household head education nor household income have significant effect on student drop-out in beneficiary households. Conclusion: The study recommends that both the nutritional and economic values of school feeding program should be improved in order to significantly enhance school participation.Item Attitude and Participation Level of Households towards Health Extension Program (HEP) at Nefas Silk Lafto Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2015-08) Wana, Mesafint; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background:-Health extension program (HEP) is an innovative community based strategy to deliver preventive and promotive services. It brings community participation through creation of awareness, behavioral change, community organization and mobilization. It also improves the utilization of health services by bridging the gap between the community and health facilities. Objectives:-Assessing attitude and participation level of households towards health extension program in Nefas Silk Lafto Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Method:- Community based cross-sectional study design was used to assess the attitude and participation level of households with the sample size 423, which was determined by single proportion formula (P) of 0.5 and 95% confidence interval. Households were included in the study using systematic sampling method. Health extension workers were randomly selected first and households under health extension workers were included into the study by calculating the interval between the households. Structured pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data. Frequencies, proportions, odds ratio (95% CI), adjusted odds ratio(95% CI) and logistic regression were used for description of the study population, to determine dependent and independent variables association strength and relative effect of independent variables on dependent variables. Result:- Participation level of households in health extension program was 42% (95% C.I= 0.37-0.47) and attitude of households on the change HEP implementation brought, satisfaction of HHs on HEP services, communication skill of HEW, believing HEW skillful and satisfaction of HHs on HEW service provision were associated with participation level of households in HEP [AOR(95%C.I):0.15(0.04-0.54),21.08(2.32-191.38),0.06(0.01-0.64),0.11(0.03-0.35)and 2.67(1.01-7.09) respectively. Conclusion:- Majority of the respondents have poor attitude and low participation level in HEP. This is due to household’s attitude towards change that the program has brought was very low and their satisfaction on the program was low. Households’ attitude on the technical competence of HEW and communication skill of health extension worker was unfavorable and influence participation in the program.Item Comparison of Factors Influencing Utilization of Modern Contraceptive Methods among Rural and Urban Women Currently using Family Planning Service in South Wollo Zone, Amhara National Regional State(Addis Ababa University, 2010-07) l Ali, Jema; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: Utilization of modern contraceptive methods is related to sociodemographic, reproductive and fertility factors. Previous studies concentrated on identifying these and other determinant factors in rural or urban but it is unclear whether the magnitude of these factors in rural and big urban population similar or not. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess and compare factors influencing utilization of modern contraceptive methods among rural and urban women currently using family planning service in South Wollo Zone, Amhara Region. Methods and materials: Health facility based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Dessie town, Jamma and Wereilu Weredas of South Wollo Zone from February to March-2010.The Two rural Weredas were selected from the ten remote weredas located in the western part of the Zone by using simple random sampling methods. All health centres and one potential health post per weredas were the study unit. After obtaining permission to proceed from all level of relevant bodies, data were collected by trained health workers using pre-tested interviewer administered close ended questionnaires from 534 women who visit 12 health facilities as current MCM users. Data were entered and analysed using SPSS Soft Ware. Result. Rural women use modern contraceptive methods for the first time on average after they had 3 children and only (4.5%) of users before the first child as compared to urban users after they had 1.4 children and (24.3%) before the first child. Desire to limit family size by rural users less (25.8%) than (31.5%) urban users. Decision making to use modern contraceptive by rural users less (21.7%) than urban users (25.5%).(90.3%) of rural and (86%) of urban users had past history of pregnancy. Rural women whose perceived economic status as average were three times more likely to practice modern contraceptive as compared to urban women. Conclusion: This study has clearly described that rural women use modern contraceptive methods after they had higher number of children and less desire to limit family size as compared to urban women. It is recommended that strong behavioural change intervention targeting the high fertility desire of rural women and modern contraceptive methods utilization is needed.Item Enhancing the Completeness of Medical Records at Inpatient Department of Karat Primary Hospital KonsoWoreda, SNNPR(Addis Ababa Universty, 2018-06) Katusa, Kafita; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: The completeness of medical records is key performance indicator that is related with delivery of healthcare services in the hospital and assessed with minimum set of indictors such as physician note, physician order sheet, Nursing care plan, medication administration sheet, discharge summary, progress note and clinical pharmacist record form. Objective: The objective of the study was to enhance the completeness of inpatient medical records from 22% to 60% in time period from Feb to June, 2018 at In-patient department of Karat Primary Hospital, KonsoWoreda, SNNPR Design: before-after interventional study was carried from Feb to June, 2018 using document review, observation, inpatient medical record review form and focus group discussions. Setting; Karat primary hospital, SNNPR, Ethiopia Participants: SMT, Medical director, matron and all IPD clinical staffs. Result: the overall completeness of medical records rose from 22% pre-intervention to 54% post-intervention in in-patient department of Karat primary hospital from Feb to June, 2018 with total budget of 25000.00 Ethiopian Birr.Item Factors influencing utilization of PMTCT service and referral linkage among HIV positive pregnant women before delivery in Hawassa public health facilities(Addis Abeba Universty, 2013-06) Adugna, Fanna; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background : Mother -to- child transmission of HIV infection is the major source of infection under the age of 15 and global coverage of prevention of mother-to-child services reached 53% in 2009 .However, factors that influence utilization of PMTCT service and referral linkage to chronic ART clinic for HIV positive pregnant women are not well studied in Hawassa town. Objective: To assess factors that influence utilization of PMTCT service and referral linkage to chronic care before delivery in HIV positive pregnant women. Methods: Facility based cross sectional study was conducted in 6 Hawassa town public health facilities. Using systematic sampling procedure 588 study subject were included in the study. Indepth interview was also used to gather greater depth of information. A pretested structured questioner was used to collect data and the data analyzed using SPSS version 17. Moreover, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression model with crude and adjusted OR along with their 95% confidence interval were used to see the independent effect of factors influencing utilization of PMTCT service. Results: A total number of 588 pregnant women were included in this study. Five hundred thirty one (90.3%) of the respondents reported they had under gone voluntary counseling and testing and 522(98.67%) of those who were tested received the test result and Four hundred ninety nine (95.6%) were negative and twenty three (4.4%) were positive. Out of 23 women who were positive HIV status twenty women were linked to chronic ART care service 12 of them with formal referral linkage and eight of with non-formal and nine of those who were linked to chronic ART care service started HAART while seven started ARV prophylaxis. Pregnant women who were two or more number of ANC attendance were more likely to utilize PMTCT service when compared to other sources [AOR=2.99% CI=1.44, 6.23]. The pregnant women believed that their husbands support couple testing were associated with utilization of PMTCT service [AOR=16.2,95% CI= 6.58, 39.67].The pregnant women who support the idea of every pregnant should be tested also associated with utilization of PMTCT service [AOR=9.86, 95% CI=3.67, 26.51]. Conclusion: partner involvement, increasing access of women to VCT, community based education and sensitization targeted to the women and promoting PMTCT service to all facility and improving referral system and getting feedback between facilities will create good referral system between facilities is recommended. VIIItem Online Information Seeking Behavior of Health professionals: the Case of Private and Public Hospitals in Addis Ababa(Addis Ababa University, 2013-06) Desta, Degale; Bekele, Rahel(PhD); Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: Online information has become a ubiquitous part of health information lives, so that most health professionals have access to and are comfortable with using it to look for online healthcare provision and decision making. Objective: To identify the behavior of online information use of health professionals for provision of health care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in seven selected hospitals in Addis Ababa,Ethiopia using both quantitative and qualitative methods by using self-administered survey questionnaire. Data were analyzed using correlation and multiple regression statistical procedures. Results: The results of this study has shown that ease of information seeking, feeling empowered, self-health management and support from the online community has been powerful motivators. Predictive association in healthcare provision using multiple linear regression coefficients, when access to online health information increases by 0.039, 0.028 and 0.025 units for 1 unit increase in the scales of empowerment, online social networking and cognitive involvement with related health information respectively, and decreases by 0.007 units for 1 unit increases in the scale of age. Likewise, Predictive association in healthcare provision using multiple linear regression coefficients retained positively correlated with access to online health information and ease of information seeking, getting preventive healthcare tests, self-healthcare management & privacy and positive outcomes related to networking and learning with increasing rate of (0.182, 0.346, 0.021 and 0.495) respectively. Conclusion: Health information from online sources is a significant component of health professionals‘ self-healthcare provision plan and initiates collaboration of professionals work in overall health care dissemination and retrieval information. However, health professionals expressed strong desire to use internet sources, the study has identified a number of barriers to use internet.Item Predictors of Child Diarrheal Diseases in Cltsh and Phast Approach Implemented areas in Shebedino District, Sidama Zone, South Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2013-07) Tamiru, Bilutkenaw; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: Diarrhea is mainly caused by poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). It is the second largest single cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. It kills more young children than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined. Direct consequences of diarrhea on children include growth faltering, malnutrition, and impaired cognitive development in resource-limited countries. Objective: To identify predictors of diarrheal diseases among children in CLTSH and PHAST approaches implemented areas in Shebedino district, Sidama zone, south Ethiopia. Methods: Unmatched case control study was conducted in ten Kebeles of Shebedino district. Census was done to identify all cases and controls. From 14,463 households a total of 294 samples (147 cases and 147 controls) were selected by simple random sampling technique. Cases were children in the age group of 6 to 24 months and who had three or more loose or watery stools in the last six months prior to survey. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Collected data were entered in to Epi-info and transferred to SPSS version 16.0. Bivariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analyses were employed. Results: Children in households with none out of five latrine components [Adj. OR: 3.79, 95% CI: 1.25, 9.46)] and one out of five components [Adj. OR: 4.58, 95% CI: 1.65, 12.75)] were more likely to develop diarrhea compared to counterparts. Hand washing practice showed a significant odds [Adj. OR: 4.78, 95% CI: (2.14, 8.94)] of developing diarrhea. Attitude of mothers showed a significant odds [Adj. OR=2.12, 95% CI: (1.93, 5.10) of developing diarrhea. Similarly, diarrheal diseases were higher among children fed with hand compared to those fed using cap and spoon [Adj. OR: 4.37, 95% CI: 1.54, 12.42)]. Conclusion: poor latrine components, poor practice of hand washing, negative attitude and poor child feeding practice were strongly associated with the occurrence of diarrheal disease among children in the age group of 6 to 24 months in CLTSH and PHAST approaches implemented areas. Affordable simple designs of latrines construction with entire components should be included in the approaches; the approaches should also give strong emphasis on hygiene components, and provide simple and "easy to understand" information to the mothers or caretakers on how to prevent child diarrheal diseases.Item Predictors of Child Diarrheal Diseases in Cltsh and Phast Approach Implemented Areas in Shebedino District, Sidama Zone, South Ethiopia(Addis Abeba Universty, 2013-07) Tamiru, Bilutkenaw; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: Diarrhea is mainly caused by poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). It is the second largest single cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. It kills more young children than AIDS, malaria, and measles combined. Direct consequences of diarrhea on children include growth faltering, malnutrition, and impaired cognitive development in resource-limited countries. Objective: To identify predictors of diarrheal diseases among children in CLTSH and PHAST approaches implemented areas in Shebedino district, Sidama zone, south Ethiopia. Methods: Unmatched case control study was conducted in ten Kebeles of Shebedino district. Census was done to identify all cases and controls. From 14,463 households a total of 294 samples (147 cases and 147 controls) were selected by simple random sampling technique. Cases were children in the age group of 6 to 24 months and who had three or more loose or watery stools in the last six months prior to survey. Pre-tested structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Collected data were entered in to Epi-info and transferred to SPSS version 16.0. Bivariate and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analyses were employed. Results: Children in households with none out of five latrine components [Adj. OR: 3.79, 95% CI: 1.25, 9.46)] and one out of five components [Adj. OR: 4.58, 95% CI: 1.65, 12.75)] were more likely to develop diarrhea compared to counterparts. Hand washing practice showed a significant odds [Adj. OR: 4.78, 95% CI: (2.14, 8.94)] of developing diarrhea. Attitude of mothers showed a significant odds [Adj. OR=2.12, 95% CI: (1.93, 5.10) of developing diarrhea. Similarly, diarrheal diseases were higher among children fed with hand compared to those fed using cap and spoon [Adj. OR: 4.37, 95% CI: 1.54, 12.42)]. Conclusion: poor latrine components, poor practice of hand washing, negative attitude and poor child feeding practice were strongly associated with the occurrence of diarrheal disease among children in the age group of 6 to 24 months in CLTSH and PHAST approaches implemented areas. Affordable simple designs of latrines construction with entire components should be included in the approaches; the approaches should also give strong emphasis on hygiene components, and provide simple and "easy to understand" information to the mothers or caretakers on how to prevent child diarrheal diseases.Item Status of adoption and Implementation Level of Integrated Mental Health Service at Primary Health Care Units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,2017(Addis Abeba Universty, 2017-06) Mehari, Roman; Zergaw, Ababi (PhD)Background: -In middle and low income countries it is believed that three in four persons with mental disorder do not receive appropriate treatment. To address this extensive unmet mental health need in low-income countries. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends integration of mental health service into primary health care level that is providing mental health services which involve diagnosing and treating people with common mental disorders within the general framework of available health services. Ethiopia implemented this program based on World Health Organization (WHO) scale up program called mental health gap action program (MH-GAP). Objective: - The objective of this study was to assess integrated mental health service adoption status and extent of implementation in primary health care units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2017. Methods:-Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted and subjects were selected randomly using proportional size allocation among health care workers in selected health centers in 2017. The total sample size for the study was estimated by single proportion population formula and total sample size was estimated to be 422.Data was collected from selected participants using self-administered questionnaires. Epi data 3.1 was used to enter and clean the data. Stata 14.1 was employed for data analysis. Descriptive analysis percentage and summary measures were conducted for adoption status and implementation level of integrated mental health service. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was calculated to examine association between general characteristics of respondents, health care provider’s factors and adoption status of primary health care providers. Result:-More than half of respondents (61.69%) 238 of health care providers were found to be under mean score or having poor status of adoption. Majority of respondents 236 (58, 7%) had stated that there were poor implementation level of mental health integration in their facility. Work experience more than 11 years [AOR: 12.34.95% CI :( 3.76- 40.56)], pre -service training[AOR: 2.1.95%CI: (1.249 -3.533)], Presence of discussion with colleagues or higher supervisor [AOR: 1.82. 95%CI :( 1.066- 3.068)], having role or responsibility to diagnosis and assessment of mental disorder cases. [AOR: 1.93.95%CI :( 1.021 -3.683)]have found to be influencing factor for adoption status of integrated mental health service. 2 Conclusion and Recommendation: -Status of adoption towards mental health integration among majority of primary health care providers is poor. The influencing factors for adoption status of integrated mental health service in primary health care units are work experience, preservice training, having a role or responsibility to diagnosis and assessment of mental illness, presence of discussion with colleagues and supervisors in the facility. Majority of primary health care providers are indicated that there is poor level of implementation in the primary health care units. Ministry of health and health science colleges should consider pre-service training to several field of study. Mental health global action implementers should facilitate consistent support and supervision after in-service training. In addition several interferences should be used to change awareness and attitude of health workers towards mental health service integration.