Browsing by Author "Yimer, Kedir"

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    Measuring Supply Chain Performance Using SCOR Model And Setting Strategic Alternatives: The Case of Ethio Telecom Corporate Commercial Supplies Store.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Yimer, Kedir; Bogale, Mengistu (Ph.D)
    Each organization for assessing the amount of utility and desirability of their activities, especially in complex and dynamic environments such as in telecom industry where obsolescence of technology becoming the headache of operators, determining and ranking the vital performance indicators to ensure consistent supply is compulsory. The aim of this paper is to measure the SCP of ethio telecom commercial supplies and to set an alternative strategy, which identifies and prioritizes Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) that a company should focus on them thereby to define the strategy found best in alignment of these KPIs to enable achieving organizational objectives. Next, performance indicators were listed and pair wise comparisons were accomplished by company's selected employees through SCP and standard Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) questionnaires. Mainly a hybrid of AHP and TOPSIS technique applied to minimize the weakness of individual performance of each and to capitalize the synergy effect of both in that from AHP to take weight determination feature and from TOPSIS the swift ranking capability. Hence, this research focused to illustrate relative importance of supply chain performance measurement metrics and setting of evaluation framework to guide strategists for the SC strategy selection and development to enhancing profitability of the company and ensure business continuity with competitive environment. To do this qualitative and quantitative data was obtained from selected respondents which have direct link and involvement in the commercial supply pipeline. Based on the research, Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) performance measurement model with pair-wise comparison of Analytical Hierarchy Priority (AHP) methodology and TOPSIS- Technique For Order Preference By Similarity To Ideal Solution are developed to enhance the performance measurement of the supply chain management system. In this paper, an AHP–TOPSIS–SCOR integrated approach for selection of the most suitable scenarios are introduced and the implementation process be explained with a primary data from the survey conducted. It involves the calculation of the closeness coefficients by means of Positive Ideal Solution (PIS), Negative Ideal Solution (NIS) and the separation distance di. The fundamental concept of this technique is that the chosen alternatives should have the shortest distance di to the positive ideal solution and the farthest distance from the negative ideal solution. accordingly the closeness index Ci+ is therefore the measure of the performance of the alternatives whose value range between ‘0’ and ‘1’ ; the more Ci close to 1, the more alternative performs best and vice versa. Alternatives are then ranked according to the computed closeness coefficients. viii In the study, candidates were assessed by three alternatives in accordance with fourteen decision criteria. From the study, the integration of TOPSIS with AHP method found to be extremely suited to evaluation and selection decisions regarding options for SC strategy selection. In the application, the criteria/and sub-criteria, which have the greatest effect on the strategy selection, are determined. The weighted sum model (WSM) was also applied to determine the delivery performance status of the case company with respect to the industry standard and that gives a good insight how is the case company performing its supply chain. Key Words: Supply chain performance measurement, Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), SCOR+AHP performance measurement framework, (di)
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    Serological and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis B, C and D Viruses Infections Among Health Professionals in Ras Desta and Tikur Anbessa Hospitals, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2008) Yimer, Kedir; Asrat, Daniel(PhD)
    The risks for occupational infection with blood-borne pathogens (HBV, HCV, and HIV) have been a source of concern among health professionals because of their frequent and often substantial exposures to patient blood and body fluids and all of which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. A cross sectional study was conducted in order to assess the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HDV infections among HCW’s (n=267) and risk factors associated with these viral infections. After each volunteer study subject has completed a standardized questionnaire, 10 ml of venous blood was collected from each individual for serological and molecular processing. ELISA method was used to detect HBs and HBe antigens, antibodies to HBc, HBs, HDV and HCV in the serum samples. Molecular methods were used to detect HBV DNA and HCV RNA. One hundred and eight (40.4%) of the health professionals use gloves consistently, 221 (82.3%) had at least a one time history of cutaneous exposure to blood ungloved, 165 (61.8%) of health care workers had at least a one time history of cutaneous exposure to any of the body fluids, 162 (60.6%) had splashed blood or body fluids in their faces, 158 (59.2 %) had sustained needle stick injury and 83 (31.1%) sustained sharp injury. The overall prevalence of HBV infection was found to be 51.3% (95% CI: 45-57%) and the infection prevalence increases with age (p<0.01). HBsAg was detected in 9.7 % (95% CI: 6-13.2%) of HCW’s. Absence of vaccination was the only risk factor associated with hepatitis B infection (p=0.001). Though only a single individual had HBeAg (4.5%; 95% CI: 2-7%), HBV DNA was detected by PCR in serum sample from 17 of the 24 subjects (71%). The hepatitis B vaccination rate was found to be 13%. Ninety three percent of individuals who were vaccinated with a single dose of HBs vaccine had achieved protective antibody. ‘Anti-HBc only’ positive cases were detected in 6 (2.2%; 95% CI: 0.004-3.96%) individuals however HBV DNA was not detected in any of the samples tested. HCV infection was detected in 1 (0.37%) study subject. None of the HBsAg positive individuals had marker of HDV infection. Our data suggest that occupational exposures to blood and body fluids occur frequently with low universal precaution practice and vaccination coverage. Hepatitis B infection is widespread and characterized by high level of immunity through natural infection and the presence of continuous horizontal transmission. Absence of vaccination is the only risk factor associated with hepatitis B infection. In this study HCV and HDV infection prevalence is very low. Serologic response rate to a single dose of viii hepatitis B vaccine was much higher than experiences from other countries. HBeAg negative serological status and low viral replication levels characterize chronic hepatitis B virus-infected health professional. ‘Anti-HBc only’ is found in the health professionals but none of the subjects had detectable HBV DNA. This suggests the need to do future study in ‘Anti-HBc only’ case