Browsing by Author "Tilahun, Zelalem"

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    Acceptability of Azithromycin Mass Treatment for Trachoma Elimination in Injibara Town and Adjacent Banja Woreda of Awi Zone, Amhara Region
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Tilahun, Zelalem; Gedif, Teferi(PhD)
    Trachoma is the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Globally 1.2 billion people live in endemic areas. In Ethiopia, approximately 67 million people are at risk for trachoma. The Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia is the most trachoma-endemic among all nine regional states and two city administrations, with Trachomatous inflammation Follicular prevalence of 62.6%. Mass azithromycin treatment is the one arm of the SAFE strategy. The trachoma elimination program would be successful if and only if the coverage is as high as possible with full community participation. If not all the community members attend the mass treatment, the trachoma infection will return to the baseline prevalence after the treatment stopped due to high transmission rate. The objective of this study was to assess the acceptability of the azithromycin mass treatment and its determinants in Injibara town and the adjacent Banja woreda of Awi zone, Amhara National Regional State. A community based cross sectional survey with both quantitative and qualitative methods was conducted from July 7-25, 2013. Households’ survey with structured questionnaire, FGDs and key informant interviews were used for data collection. A total of 5826 eligible household members from 1267 households were enrolled in the survey. The 2012 annual azithromycin mass treatment coverage obtained from the present study was 92.9%. From the total 6 rounds of azithromycin mass treatment in the study area, only half (50.6%) of the community took for more than three times. On average, each illegible person in the community had taken the drug for 3.6 times. The percentage of rural household members who had taken azithromycin more than three times was higher than the corresponding urban members. The rural residents were at better performance in taking the 2012 treatment as compared to the urban residents (AOR=2.35; 95%CI [1.80-3.06]). Household heads interference with the drug uptake of their family members’ has negative association with azithromycin uptake (AOR=0.153; CI=95% (0.086-0.272). All the study participants who were X greater than 30 years more likely took azithromycin more than 3 times as compared with children less than 15 years (COR=2.81, AOR=2.74, 95% CI [1.95-3.02]). Azithromycin uptake status of female household heads was less than the corresponding male household heads (AOR=0.41; 95% CI [0.24-0.720]). Household heads awareness about trachoma (AOR=2.55; 95% CI [1.19-5.44]) and azithromycin mass treatment (AOR=7.19; 95% CI [3.27-15.82]) had positive association with acceptability. The 2012 azithromycin mass treatment coverage in Injibara town and Banja woreda was higher than the WHO minimum target. But, concerning to the overall coverage, the data taken from the present study contradicts the coverage data taken from the woreda. The communities’ Azithromycin mass treatment acceptability had increased in the recent campaigns as compared to the previous campaigns. There is low coverage and acceptability of the treatment in the urban community as compared to the rural residents. Supplementary benefits of azithromycin, health education about trachoma and the drug, willingness and being old are some of the factors positively related with acceptability whereas educational status, marital status and experience with side effects were not associated with the drug uptake status. Strengthen the program in the urban and consideration of additional campaigns for both areas as well as providing additional health education with skilled health professionals is mandatory. Key words: Azithromycin mass treatment, Mass drug administration, Acceptability, Trachoma, Trachoma elimination
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    Effect of Pricing Policies and Regulation on the Petroleum Supply Chain Effectiveness: The Case of Total Ethiopia S.C.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-06) Tilahun, Zelalem; Denu, Berhanu (PhD)
    The demand for petroleum products in Ethiopia have increased over the past decade in parallel with the country’s growth rate. As the demand for petroleum products increase, the supply chain effectiveness have become an important issue on delivering the required level of performance. This research made its main objective to examine the effect of pricing policies and regulations on the petroleum supply chain effectiveness for the case of Total Ethiopia Share Company. The effects of pricing structure of fuel, marginal gain from fuel sales, and fuel transportation rate (the factors of petroleum pricing policies and regulation) on the petroleum supply chain effectiveness were analyzed. Explanatory research design was used to identify pricing policies and regulation factors and to examine the effect of pricing policies and regulation on the petroleum supply chain effectiveness. Descriptive and inferential statistics (correlation and multiple linear regression) were used to analyze the data gathered. Self-administered questionnaires and structured interviews were used to collect primary data and purposive sampling technique were implemented on selecting participants that have a direct involvement with the supply chain and 51 employees of Total Ethiopia S.C. were participated on the research. IBM SPSS Statistics software (version 26) were used to encode and analyze the primary data gathered through structured questionnaires. The reliability of the data were checked by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient value and the result of the analysis showed higher internal consistency reliability. According to the result obtained from the correlation analysis, all the factors of petroleum products pricing policies and regulations were positively correlated with the petroleum supply chain effectiveness. The model summery from multiple regression analysis of the surveyed data further showed that the value of R and R Square of the model explains more than half of the variance in the petroleum supply chain effectiveness. The multiple linear regression analysis on the survey data also revealed that marginal gain on fuel make the stronges, unique and statistically significant contribution to the prediction of petroleum supply chain effectiveness.
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    Regulatory Compliance of Community Drug Retail Outlets in Ambo Town, West Showa, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2020-09) Gutu, Admassu; Dr.Birhanu, Gebremariam; Tilahun, Zelalem
    Introduction: If standards for pharmaceutical premises exist in a country, it should define the minimum requirements to operate a drug retail outlet as the regulation. Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority of Ethiopia (FMHACA) prepared private drug retail outlets model directive based on proclamation 661/2009. The directive states about the requirements for qualifications of the technical personnel and the adequacy of the premises, processes and equipment in order to grant a license for providing the drug retail outlet services. This study aimed in assessing the regulatory compliance of the community drug retail outlets in Ambo Town based on the minimum standard set by EFMHACA. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional survey on all community drug retail outlets in Ambo Town was conducted from April to May 2019. Checklist based observation and measuring, record review and semi- structured interview guide questionnaire were used for data collection. Results: The response rate was 25(92.6%) for the retails; 6(24%) pharmacies and 19 (76%) drug stores. The total area of the premises varies from 30m 2 to 56.5m 2 for Pharmacies and 22.75m to 56.0m 2 for drugstores. Majority (92%) of retails have functional refrigerator, but only 15(60%)has functional refrigerator thermometer. Only 10(40%) retails have Stock card and/or Bin cards; even 4(40%) didn’t have for all products and 6(60%)of retails didn’t register stock movements on time. Only 12(48%) of the retails were kept the prescription with/out registration either separately or not. Only 13(52%) of the licensed professionals were available at the date of visit. In 15(60%) of the retails there was accumulation of expired drugs, stored from 3 months up to 11 years. Conclusions: Based on this study, we conclude that; majority of the drug retail outlets do not satisfy the minimum requirements set by the regulatory authority of the country. The concerned regulatory bodies also do not strictly monitor the requirements, irrespective of their allegation on the products stocked and the service provided by the DROs. We also recommend the concerned stakeholders to improve or prevent the non compliances of DROs through stringent regulatory action, follow up inspection, training and accountability rule. 2