Browsing by Author "Teshome, Dawit"
Item Assessment of community response to indoor residual spraying for malaria prevention and factors influencing its acceptance in Lume District, East Shewa zone of Oromia Region(Addis Abeba Universty, 2010-07) Teshome, Dawit; Deressa, Wakgari(PhD)Background: Indoor residual spraying was a long standing malaria prevention and control strategy in the world. In Ethiopia, it was initiated in 1959 with the global malaria eradication campaign. This intervention is still one of the pillar malaria prevention and control strategies in the country. However, the acceptance of the intervention by the community is becoming a challenge. Objectives: The aims of this study were to assess the knowledge and perception of the community about malaria in general and vector control methods focusing on indoor residual spraying in particular, factors that affect its acceptance by the community, and finally to determine re-plastering rate after IRS. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using interviewer-administered questionnaire. The study was conducted during March-April 2010 in Lume district, Oromia region central eastern part of Ethiopia. 807 house holds were selected from these 6 kebeles by systematic random sampling technique using proportional allocation to size. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews were also held to supplement the quantitative data. The quantitative data was managed by Epi-info version 6 and SPSS version 11 statistical softwares. Results: From 776 respondents, 87% of them have at least heard about malaria (called “busa” in their local language. One of the typical sign of malaria i.e. “Fever” was mentioned as sign of malaria by only 41% of the respondents. Mosquito bite was mentioned as a factor for malaria transmission by about 80% of the respondents. Respondents who can read and write including those attended formal education were found 1.65 times more likely of making their house to be sprayed than those who can’t read and write [AOR=1.62, 95% CI: (1.05-2.49)]. Households that have heard the announcement were found six times more likely of making their house to be sprayed than those who don’t [AOR=6.5, 95% CI: (2.92-14.46)]. Households that perceived increment of nuisance annoyance were found five times more likely of re-plastering the sprayed wall than those who perceived the decrement [AOR=4.98, 95% CI: (1.97-12.62)]. In general, of the 100% targeted households, more than 16% were left unsprayed; among the sprayed ones about 7% were not willing; and more than 20% have re-plastered the sprayed walls with in few days of spray. Conclusions: This study revealed that there is lack of knowledge on malaria prevention and control in the community. Communicating the community about what is going to be done in certain period regarding the intervention was seen to have an impact on the performance. The study also indicated that there is a serious concern regarding the side action of the chemical particularly DDT on house nuisances that the hard science should address besides to checking its efficacy on mosquito.Item Contract Management Performance of Ethiopian Pharmaceuticals Supply Agency(Addis Abeba University, 2020-02) Gobie, Yikeber Gebeyaw; Dr. Kreie, Andre; Dr.Temesgen, Busha; Teshome, DawitBackground: The government of Ethiopia spends more than 4.9 billion birr per annum for the procurement of pharmaceuticals. However, little is known how well performance is managed. Objective: To assess contract management performance at Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Agency Methods: Descriptive study design using quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques was employed. 159 declared purchase orders (from July 1, 2017 to June 30, 2018)were taken using simple random sampling method after listing chronologically by time of purchase orders issuing. Six informants were selected with purposive sampling for interview. Quantitative data were analyzed and summarized in descriptive statistics using Microsoft excel for percentage analysis and Statistical package for Social Science version 20.0 for suppliers’ lead time analysis. Qualitative data were analyzed by classifying factors affecting contract management performances. Results were presented in tables, figures and narratives. Results: Asian (64.64%)and African (24%)manufacturers were found to be the top suppliers of agency. Domestic manufacturers’ market share was 24% of which Addis Pharmaceuticals Factory (68%)was the top supplier of agency. Average foreign and domestic suppliers took 98 and 186 days to deliver products. Suppliers’ fill rates were 97.6%. Perceived causes of the agency strong performances were the implementation of public procurement agency guideline, restructuring of contract management internal process, the start of monitoring and evaluation, commitments of employees, collaboration with relevant stakeholders. The main factors perceived to weak performance were delay in contract management activities, weak use of technology, and weak monitoring and evaluation practices. Conclusion and Recommendation: Indian and Chinese manufacturers were top foreign suppliers. Almost all suppliers delivered ordered medicines with the required amount. However, it took longer lead time than agreed. Workflow reform, using of public procurement agency guideline, protracted operations, competency gaps, shortage of hard currencies and weak system automation and integration were factors affecting contract performances. Working with selected suppliers carefully, automating and integrating contract activities, implementing performance improvement tools like Plan-Do-Check-Act cycles, and capacitating the staffs should be done to improve contract management performance of the agency.Item Customs Clearance Practice and Related Challenges in the Ethiopian Customs Commission: a case of Pharmaceutical(Addis Ababa University, 2023-06) Taye, Kaleab; Cho, Denny (PhD); Teshome, Dawit; Coll, AngelicaBackground: Pharmaceutical at ports and/or custom stations need to be cleared in the shortest possible time due to their sense of urgency and requirement of special handling. However, the customs clearance procedure in most countries is time-consuming, leading to unnecessary delays and financial losses. In Ethiopia, there is a paucity of information about pharmaceutical customs clearance practice and related challenges. Objective: To assess pharmaceutical customs clearance practice and to identify challenges in the Ethiopian Customs Commission (ECC). Methods: The study was conducted in ECC from September 2019 to January 2020. A concurrent mixed methods design was employed. Quantitative data (using a structured questionnaire, and data abstraction formats), and qualitative data (using Key Informant interview guide) were collected at the same time frame. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive (percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t- test and ANOVA). For the qualitative data, thematic analysis was applied. Results: Pharmaceutical transaction worth of $574,487,522 were cleared by the ECC in 2019/2020. Of these, more than half of the pharmaceutical were imported from Europe (57.2 %). Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Supply Agency (EPSS) (63%) was the major importer of the products. The overall mean score for customs and trade facilitation standards was 3.13 (±0.6). On the other hand, 2.85(±0.74) was the overall mean score for efficiency of pharmaceutical custom clearance. This study showed that Pharmaceutical Importers (PI), Local Manufacturers (LM) and EPSS face various challenges in dealing with customs clearance procedure. Some of these include: delays and interruptions in the electronic system (Electronic Customs Valuation System (ECVS)), gaps in valuation system (not being invoice based and inconsistent), and poor pharmaceutical handling, and delays in the inspection of pharmaceutical imports by EFDA officers. Conclusion: Most of customs and trade facilitation standards are not being applied in ECC custom stations and the overall pharmaceutical customs clearance process was found to be inefficient. As a result, EPSS and Pharmaceutical companies are facing numerous challenges and their operations are being affected negatively. Consequently, patients are forced to bear unnecessary costs incurred due to the system inefficiency