Browsing by Author "Tesfaye, Mulugeta"

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    Rights in Displaced Situations: Challenges and Prospects for the Enforcement of Reproductive Rights of Refugee Women and Girls in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-12) Tesfaye, Mulugeta; Assefa, Aman (PhD)
    With the institutionalization of international criminal law through the ad hoc international tribunals of Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the International Criminal Court, sexual violence has been introduced as an international crime. The International Criminal Court, beyond recognizing and codifying sexual violence as “the most serious crimes of international concern”, indicted individuals of the charges of sexual violence. Such devotion of ICC in the codification of gender crime within its jurisdiction, gender perspective mainstreaming and the progress in the cases in this regard has been highly anticipated by the advocates of gender justice. Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Critical Analysis of International Criminal Court in Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual Crimes attempts to investigate how the ICC has been dealing with such cases involving charges of sexual violence in fulfilling such high expectation of gender crime jurisprudence. The study, by analyzing the cases in the ICC involving sexual crime charges, investigates the problems faced by the ICC in achieving the originally hoped gender justice. The finding of the study exhibits that ICC is not fully and properly investigating and indicting sexual crimes within its jurisdiction and is not in the ability to apprehend and prosecute suspects and is not in a position to have deterrent effect on future crimes. The depth analysis of cases in progress reveals that justice for women is not coming soon enough as hoped for.
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    Soil Conservation Experiments on Cultivated Land in the Maybar Area, Wello Region, Ethiopia•
    (Addis Ababa University, 1988-06) Tesfaye, Mulugeta; Hurni, Hans (PhD)
    Soil conservation experiments consisting 6 plots (five of them treated and one untreated control plot) were established in 1986 in the Maybar area to identify the most suitable soil conservation measure(s) for the area and other similar areas in Wello region. The plots (each 30m long and 6m wide) are placed side by side on a 28% slope with a well-drained, highly stony, HAPLIC PHAEOZEM of about 60 cm depth . The treatments are Level Bund, Graded Bund, Level Fanya juu, Graded Fanya juu and Grass Strip. Soil loss and runoff measurements from the experimental plots were made during 65 rainfall events with a total rainfall amount and erosivity (EI30) of 2098mm and 876 Joules m- i h- i , respectively. 41 of the 65 rainfall periods having a total rainfall amount and EI30 value of l29lmm and 516 Joules m- i h- i respectively were monitored in 1986. The rest (24 rainfall events with rainfall amount and EI30 of 8Q7mm. and 360 Joules m- i h .- i , respectively) occurred in 1987. The observed annual soil loss values from all experimental plots are below the tolerance level. between experimental plots. Yet, significant differences exist The graded Bund showed distinctivelyhigher soil loss in both 1986 and 1987 amounting to 5.15 tons/ha and 1 . 66 tons/ha, respectively. The t hree level soil conservation measures (Level Fanya juu, Grass Strip and Level Bund) consistently showed significantly lower annual soil loss values in both the years amounting to 0.49, 0 . 84 and 1.04 tons/ha, respectively in 1986 and to 0.15, 0.40 and 0.54 tons/ha in 1987. The control plot showed an annual soil loss of 2.02 tons/ha (which was less than half of the annual soil loss of the Graded Bund) in 1986 and of 1 . 1 tons/ha in 1987 . Crop cover (as the major factor), high surface stoniness of the experimental plots which encouraged infiltr ation of rainwater into the soil and the dominance of low - erosivity rains during the study period were observed to have resulted in very low soil losses during individual rainfall events . Under the rainfall conditions observed in 1986 and 1987, vegetative cover together with the high surface stoniness on the experimental plots have been sufficient to reduce soil loss from the plots to values below the tolerance level. However, soil loss data collected from test plots in the Maybar area showed that extreme years will produce upto 100 times more erosion than during the study period. As a result of the experiments, it is concluded that in the Maybar area and in the whole eastern escarpment of Wello, the choice should be for agronomic soil conservation measures . These have to be supported by physical soil conservation measures (Level Fanya juu, Grass Strip a nd Leve l Bund) on steep slopes (15 to 50%) since test plot data have shown that extreme years will result in soil losses much higher than those observed during the study period. However, even where the physical meaures are applied, the stress should be on reducing inter-terrace erosion by means of agronomic measures