Browsing by Author "Tesfaye, Mulugeta"

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    The Effect of Credit Risk on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-02) Tesfaye, Mulugeta; Alem, Hagos (PhD)
    This study attempts to reveal the relationship between credit risk and financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. In order to investigate these study quantitative research approach is employed based on documentary analysis. A panel data from six selected commercial banks covering the ten-year period (2007-2016) is analyzed within the fixed effects model on regression analysis and using E-view8 software. The study used one dependent variable return on asset (ROA), four independent variables that are: nonperforming loan to total loan and advance ratio (NPLTLA), loan provision to total loan and advance ratio (LPTLA), total loan and advance to total deposit ratio (TLATD) and the ratio of non-performing loan to loan provision (NPLLP) as measures of credit risk. Both descriptive statistics and regression analysis specifically fixed effects model were used to analyze the relationships of the depended variable with explanatory variables. The regression result show that non-performing loan to total loan and advance ratio, loan provision to total loan and advance ratio and the ratio of non-performing loan to loan provision show negative and significant effect at 1% and 5% significance level on financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. However, total loan and advance to total deposit ratio show positive and significant effect at 1% significance level on financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. The research concluded that credit risk has significant effect on financial performance of commercial banks in Ethiopia. Hence, the study recommend in support of each variable for commercial banks of Ethiopia should enhance their capacity in credit analysis and loan administration.
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    Rights in Displaced Situations: Challenges and Prospects for the Enforcement of Reproductive Rights of Refugee Women and Girls in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-12) Tesfaye, Mulugeta; Assefa, Aman (PhD)
    With the institutionalization of international criminal law through the ad hoc international tribunals of Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the International Criminal Court, sexual violence has been introduced as an international crime. The International Criminal Court, beyond recognizing and codifying sexual violence as “the most serious crimes of international concern”, indicted individuals of the charges of sexual violence. Such devotion of ICC in the codification of gender crime within its jurisdiction, gender perspective mainstreaming and the progress in the cases in this regard has been highly anticipated by the advocates of gender justice. Sexual Violence as an International Crime: Critical Analysis of International Criminal Court in Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual Crimes attempts to investigate how the ICC has been dealing with such cases involving charges of sexual violence in fulfilling such high expectation of gender crime jurisprudence. The study, by analyzing the cases in the ICC involving sexual crime charges, investigates the problems faced by the ICC in achieving the originally hoped gender justice. The finding of the study exhibits that ICC is not fully and properly investigating and indicting sexual crimes within its jurisdiction and is not in the ability to apprehend and prosecute suspects and is not in a position to have deterrent effect on future crimes. The depth analysis of cases in progress reveals that justice for women is not coming soon enough as hoped for.
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    Rights in Displaced Situations: Challenges and Prospects for the Enforcement of Reproductive Rights of Refugee Women and Girls in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-01) Tesfaye, Mulugeta; Tadesse, Wondemagegn , MA
    Three factors inspire the development of this research in to a currently developing area of human rights law. Reproductive rights in Situations of Displacement: Reproductive Rights-currently developing human rights-full of challenges further exacerbated by Displacement but with prospects as well. The first is the world wide pity life of women and girls: the mothers, wives, sisters and daughters of some one, it can be me and/or you. Their life even in the normal situations of life is full of challenges. But they suffer more the consequences of conflict, the main cause of displacement, in which they are not part, because of their status in society and their sex, and their vulnerability. They are victims at the hands of any one, the family, the society, the state or any one else. The second factor is the fact that reproductive rights are currently developing human rights. Despite the significance of the rights in women’s life, as the rights embrace core human rights-the violations or non-enforcement of which would heavily affect the life of women and girls’ with long term negative effects, it is very recently, a decade and half before, that the rights get the international community’s attention. Even after 17 years, it is still currently developing legal issue which requires a close, thorough and continuous study. The third motivating factor is the grasp in the paramount significance of enforcing reproductive rights for the betterment of women and girls’ life in general and those displaced in particular. While displacement exacerbate the challenges in the enforcement of the rights, durable solutions prospects for refugees residing in Ethiopia looks dim. The war in Somalia seems with out end; the Eritrean refugees’ influx is increasing from time to time; and the Sudanese refugees’ repatriation looks gloomy. Resettlement opportunities are limited: for example, one Somali camp, Kabrebayah Camp, got resettlement after 20 years of protracted situation. There are no prospects for local integration: refugees can not work in Ethiopian as the country has reservation, to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, on wage earning employment. As a result, ensuring the full implementation of the rights in Ethiopia has great significance in the betterment of refugee women and girls’ life residing in the Country. The research is, therefore, a sincere comprehension of the problems of refugee women and girls and an aspiration to contribute for the betterment of their life with prospects relying on the international community and states recent increase of interest and efforts made on legal and policy developments on the subject.
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    Rights in Displaced Situations: Challenges and Prospects for the Enforcement of Reproductive Rights of Refugee Women and Girls in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-01) Tesfaye, Mulugeta; Tadesse, Wondemagegn (Assoistant Professor
    Three factors inspire the development of this research in to a currently developing area of human rights law. Reproductive rights in Situations of Displacement: Reproductive “Reproductive health conditions are the leading cause of death and illness in women worldwide.” (UNFPA, Reproductive Health Fact Sheet, 2008) “Reproductive health care should be available in all situations and be based on the needs and expressed demands of refugees, particularly women, with full respect for the various religious and ethical values and cultural backgrounds of the refugees, while also conforming to universally recognized international human rights standards.” (Reproductive Health in Refugee Situations: An Inter-Agency Field Manual 1999) Rights-currently developing human rights-full of challenges further exacerbated by Displacement but with prospects as well. The first is the world wide pity life of women and girls: the mothers, wives, sisters and daughters of some one, it can be me and/or you. Their life even in the normal situations of life is full of challenges. But they suffer more the consequences of conflict, the main cause of displacement, in which they are not part, because of their status in society and their sex, and their vulnerability. They are victims at the hands of any one, the family, the society, the state or any one else. The second factor is the fact that reproductive rights are currently developing human rights. Despite the significance of the rights in women’s life, as the rights embrace core human rights-the violations or non-enforcement of which would heavily affect the life of women and girls’ with long term negative effects, it is very recently, a decade and half before, that the rights get the international community’s attention. Even after 17 years, it is still currently developing legal issue which requires a close, thorough and continuous study. The third motivating factor is the grasp in the paramount significance of enforcing reproductive rights for the betterment of women and girls’ life in general and those displaced in particular. While displacement exacerbate the challenges in the enforcement of the rights, durable solutions prospects for refugees residing in Ethiopia looks dim. The war in Somalia seems with out end; the Eritrean refugees’ influx is increasing from time to time; and the Sudanese refugees’ repatriation looks gloomy. Resettlement opportunities are limited: for example, one Somali camp, Kabrebayah Camp, got resettlement after 20 years of protracted situation. There are no prospects for local integration: refugees can not work in Ethiopian as the country has reservation, to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, on wage earning employment. As a result, ensuring the full implementation of the rights in Ethiopia has great significance in the betterment of refugee women and girls’ life residing in the Country.The research is, therefore, a sincere comprehension of the problems of refugee women and girls and an aspiration to contribute for the betterment of their life with prospects relying on the international community and states recent increase of interest and efforts made on legal and policy developments on the subject.
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    Soil Conservation Experiments on Cultivated Land in the Maybar Area, Wello Region, Ethiopia•
    (Addis Ababa University, 1988-06) Tesfaye, Mulugeta; Hurni, Hans (PhD)
    Soil conservation experiments consisting 6 plots (five of them treated and one untreated control plot) were established in 1986 in the Maybar area to identify the most suitable soil conservation measure(s) for the area and other similar areas in Wello region. The plots (each 30m long and 6m wide) are placed side by side on a 28% slope with a well-drained, highly stony, HAPLIC PHAEOZEM of about 60 cm depth . The treatments are Level Bund, Graded Bund, Level Fanya juu, Graded Fanya juu and Grass Strip. Soil loss and runoff measurements from the experimental plots were made during 65 rainfall events with a total rainfall amount and erosivity (EI30) of 2098mm and 876 Joules m- i h- i , respectively. 41 of the 65 rainfall periods having a total rainfall amount and EI30 value of l29lmm and 516 Joules m- i h- i respectively were monitored in 1986. The rest (24 rainfall events with rainfall amount and EI30 of 8Q7mm. and 360 Joules m- i h .- i , respectively) occurred in 1987. The observed annual soil loss values from all experimental plots are below the tolerance level. between experimental plots. Yet, significant differences exist The graded Bund showed distinctivelyhigher soil loss in both 1986 and 1987 amounting to 5.15 tons/ha and 1 . 66 tons/ha, respectively. The t hree level soil conservation measures (Level Fanya juu, Grass Strip and Level Bund) consistently showed significantly lower annual soil loss values in both the years amounting to 0.49, 0 . 84 and 1.04 tons/ha, respectively in 1986 and to 0.15, 0.40 and 0.54 tons/ha in 1987. The control plot showed an annual soil loss of 2.02 tons/ha (which was less than half of the annual soil loss of the Graded Bund) in 1986 and of 1 . 1 tons/ha in 1987 . Crop cover (as the major factor), high surface stoniness of the experimental plots which encouraged infiltr ation of rainwater into the soil and the dominance of low - erosivity rains during the study period were observed to have resulted in very low soil losses during individual rainfall events . Under the rainfall conditions observed in 1986 and 1987, vegetative cover together with the high surface stoniness on the experimental plots have been sufficient to reduce soil loss from the plots to values below the tolerance level. However, soil loss data collected from test plots in the Maybar area showed that extreme years will produce upto 100 times more erosion than during the study period. As a result of the experiments, it is concluded that in the Maybar area and in the whole eastern escarpment of Wello, the choice should be for agronomic soil conservation measures . These have to be supported by physical soil conservation measures (Level Fanya juu, Grass Strip a nd Leve l Bund) on steep slopes (15 to 50%) since test plot data have shown that extreme years will result in soil losses much higher than those observed during the study period. However, even where the physical meaures are applied, the stress should be on reducing inter-terrace erosion by means of agronomic measures