Browsing by Author "Seid, Sofia"

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    Assessment of Non-Sterile Pharmaceutical Compounding Practices Among Selected Community and Hospital Pharmacies in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Seid, Sofia; G/Mariam, Tsige(Professor); Belete, Anteneh (PhD)
    Background: The drug products available in the market are mostly ready-made finished drug products. These drugs should be manufactured in pharmaceutical industries using the standard on Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP). But, it is a common practice to prepare topical preparations in compounding laboratories in premises like hospital pharmacies and community pharmacies in order to fulfill the special needs of individual patients. These preparations, like other finished drug products, should fulfill efficacy, safety, and quality parameters. This is achieved by adherence to the established standards that guide the preparation of compounded pharmaceutical preparations. Objective: To assess the practices of non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding in selected community and hospital pharmacies in Addis Ababa. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study supported by qualitative study was conducted to assess the practices of non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding in community and hospital pharmacies in Addis Ababa from April 1, 2016 to May 15, 2016. The study was done in 42 community pharmacies and 3 hospital pharmacies. Results: The study revealed that the most commonly prescribed and compounded non-sterile pharmaceutical formulations in the community and hospital pharmacies in Addis Ababa were dermatological creams and ointments. Except for one community pharmacy, no community and hospital pharmacy provided on-the-job training to the pharmacy personnel involved in compounding. The compounding personnel in 41(97.6%) of the community and 2 of the hospital pharmacies were not familiar with the non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding laboratory standards developed by DACA in 2002.Twenty (47.6%) of the community pharmacies and 1 of the hospital pharmacies had no suitable place for compounding. All of the assessed hospital pharmacies had dedicated place for compounding and only authorized personnel is allowed in the specified room but 20 (47.6 %) of the community pharmacies had a compounding area with other works performed in that area. All of the hospital pharmacies and 39 (92.9%) of the community pharmacies had adequate potable water. The compounding area was maintained in a clean and sanitary condition in 25 (59.5 %) of the community pharmacies and all of the hospital pharmacies. ix Standard operating procedures were not maintained in 41 (97.6%) of the community pharmacies and 1 of the hospital pharmacies. No community and hospital pharmacy created a master formulation record the first time before compounding new preparation. The equipment and materials required by the national regulatory authority for the extemporaneous preparation were not fulfilled in 18 (42.2%) of the community pharmacies and in 1 of the hospital pharmacies. Sixteen (38%) of the community pharmacies had no compounding record at all and 26 (62%) of the community pharmacies had compounding records which only contained the name and the strength of the compounded preparations. There were containers and closures that were not suitable for the preparation compounded in 18 (42.9%) of the community pharmacies and 1 of the hospital pharmacies. Conclusions: The study revealed that, both the community and the hospital pharmacies did not fulfill most of the requirements set by the regulatory authority. However, the hospital pharmacies were found to be better than the community pharmacies in some of the requirements such as labeling of finished preparations, documentation, availability of equipments and compounding room dedication. As per the findings of this study, only one community pharmacy is practicing most of the standard requirements set for non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding. The major limiting factors for the implementation of the standard requirements set was identified to be lack of awareness on the standard set for non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding laboratories; the limited number of demands for the service; lack of on-the-job training and follow up from regulatory body and other stakeholders. Recommendations: The non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding service has to be regulated and inspected strictly. The standards of good compounding laboratories developed by the regulatory authority should be cascaded and popularized to the professionals working in the community and hospital pharmacies. On-the-job training has to be given for the personnel involved in non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding. Further research should be done on the quality of non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding practices in other parts of the country. Key words: Community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, non-sterile pharmaceutical compounding Personnel qualification, compounding facility, equipment, documentation, quality control, Addis Ababa
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    Problems Associated With on Street Parking Lots in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Seid, Sofia; Mekonnen (Phd), Teferi
    Parking and traffic congestion is synonymous to each other because failure to meet parking demand of people in a city lead to on-street parking that results to traffic congestion. Traffic congestion is a condition on road networks that occurs as use increases, and is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queuing. The availability of less space in urban areas has increased demand for parking space especially in central business area. Inadequate off-street parking in most of our urban centers has metamorphosed to the problem of on-street parking coupled with inadequate traffic management commonly experienced today in city of Addis Ababa. In view of the above, this research work examined the condition of on street parking and its effect on traffic congestion in Addis Ababa. The study was conducted using questionnaires and interview to collect the required data in the city where on-street parking and traffic congestion were prominent. Fifty (50) questionnaires’ were administrated for 30 car owners and 10 parking lot coordinators and officialsand interview also made with three 10 officials of Addis Ababa transport bureau and Addis Ababa Road Transport Authority. Finding reveled that for the purpose of running private work, location of shopping areas, location of schools ,lack of enough parking areas, lack of alternative roads, increments of cars and pedestrian, and the imbalance between the amount of cars and roads causes on street parking and traffic congestion in Addis Ababa. To reduce the problem policy recommendations are recommended among which are; Addis Ababa transport administration should adopt stiff penalty measures on on-street parking and traffic offenders, which will be communicated to the people, Police and the traffic Management Authorities are the frontlines in traffic laws. They should be mandated to enforce the rules and regulations binding the vehicular traffic operations without any fear or favour in order to mate out penalties and punishment to defaulters, and Government should develop a mean through which some activities that propel on-street parking in Addis Ababa will be relocated to another area within the city. Key words: Transportation, on-street parking, traffic congestion, Addis Ababa.