Browsing by Author "Mulumebet Zenebe (PhD)"

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    Accessibility to Sexual and Reproductive Health Services for Female Migrant Returnees who are Survivors of Sexual Violence: The Case of Female Migrant ReturneesAssisted by Civil Society Organizations.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-07-20) Jerusalem Dejene; Mulumebet Zenebe (PhD)
    Migrants travel to other countries to get employment opportunities and make their lives along with their families better. When they migrate, they might be faced with unforeseen challenges on their journey, when they reach their country of transit or country of destination. One of these challenges is facing sexual violence along their way. Survivors of sexual violence need sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services among others after the incidents of sexual violence. The research aimed to examine access to SRH services for female migrant returnees (FMR) who are survivors of sexual violence. More specifically it aimed to assess the opportunities, challenges, and coping mechanisms female migrant returnees, survivors of sexual violence, have in accessing SRH services before and after their return. This study used a qualitative case study research design. For the study, FMRs were reached out through civil society organizations (CSOs). These CSOs have shelters that work on the rehabilitation and reintegration of migrant returnees. Eight FMRs participated in the in-depth interview and two shelter coordinators were interviewed as key informants. Thematic analysis was used for the data analysis process. The results showed that there is a gap in easy access to information and SRH services, some FMRs who became pregnant, after the incident of sexual violence that happened to them, could not access any SRH services. While some were only able to access SRH services through their employers, friends, or other organizations. In contrast, all the interviewed FMRs that needed SRH after their return were able to get access to SRH services either through CSOs they were assisted by, privately, or through other organizations. The major challenge interviewed FMRs faced was getting the information on how to access such service providers, as a coping mechanism, some approached their friends and employers. But others could not find ways to overcome their challenges and returned without any access to SRH services. To gain the information migrants have regarding SRH services, different local CSOs and other international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that work closely with migrants and migrant returnees can create a platform, where before individuals migrate, they can get important information from them or other returnees. Government bodies such as the Ministry of Labor and Skills of Ethiopia, can help ensure the safe and legal travel of migrants to their country of destination.
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    Exploring Opportunities and Challenges of Women Police Officers in Leadership at Federal Police Commission, Crime Prevention Sector of Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-06) Rozina Mulugeta; Mulumebet Zenebe (PhD)
    The study's main objective was to look into the opportunities and challenges faced by female police officers in leadership positions at the Federal Police Commission's Crime Prevention Sector of Addis Ababa. To that end, efforts were made to explore female officers' opportunities for leadership participation, identify factors that contribute to women officers' holding various leadership positions, assess barriers that prevent them from participating in leadership positions, and recommend some measures that could be taken to improve their participation in leadership positions. To achieve the objectives of the study, quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The researchers collected data from both primary and secondary sources. The data was collected using interviews and questionnaires. Concerning the sampling techniques, both probability and non-probability sampling methods are implemented to draw the sample employees. Selected respondent data is processed and analyzed by using statistical tools such as SPSS, percentage, mean, and frequency. To improve the validity and reliability of the study’s conclusion, the findings were thematically categorized and analyzed using a triangulation of different data sources. The findings of this study revealed that the Federal Police Commission provides some opportunities for female police officers in order to enhance their efficiency and involvement in the institution. The study also found that the factors that contribute to women officers' being in leadership positions are personal reasons; support and encouragement from their husbands or families; their male coworkers; and institutional reasons. Accordingly, the main result of the study is that even though there are few female officers in the leadership positions, their participation in these positions is insignificant compared to male officers participation in leadership positions. It was further identified that the major causes that hinder women’s having leadership positions were family-related challenges, lack of interest, lack of self-confidence and other related issues, and other organizational barriers. To overcome these challenges, the federal police commission should have to give special emphasis to gender issues to bring about institutional change, providing education and training on gender issues and military capacity, which is instrumental for leadership positions. Finally, the main measures to be taken to enhance women police officers participation in leadership depend on better addressing gender gaps in the federal police commission and the level of attention given to gender issues in the crime prevention sector.
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    The Intersectionality of Gender and Disability: Experiences of Professional Women with Disabilities in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2022-05) Yadesa Asfaw; Mulumebet Zenebe (PhD)
    This study attempted to shade light on the diverse realities of inequalities for women with disabilities from intersectional perspectives. The objectives of the study were examining the lives of working women with disabilities and exploring how disability and gender intersect to shape their personal and professional life. This study employed a qualitative research design and relied on qualitative data from in-depth interviews and FGD. A phenomenological approach was used to analyze the intimate accounts of individuals’ experiences. Purposive and snow-ball sampling techniques were used to identify working women with disabilities. A total of eight women with various types of disabilities interviewed and seven participants joined the DGD. Disabled women face discriminations unparalleled to their counterpart women without disabilities. Some of the personal and professional life of women with disabilities affected at the intersection of gender and disability are 1) their perceived beauty and attractiveness (deviation from socially constructed ideals of femininity); 2) traditional gender norms and roles(real and perceived incapacity of adequately discharging household responsibilities); 3) perceived limitations in forming and sustaining relationships, marriage, and childbirth; participation in community life; 4) vulnerability to sexual violence; and 5) access to employment, education and health services. The study revealed disabled persons themselves and families shoulder burdens associated to gender and disability due to negative perceptions and lack of institutionalized support mechanisms. Questions of women with disabilities are different from the general category of ‘women’ or ‘disability’. But interventions attempt to address issues either under the ‘women’ or ‘disability’ categories. Disability prevents women from meeting criteria that women are judged on, making them unable to fulfill expectations. Women with disabilities are systematically excluded from active participation in social life of their community. Employers use recruitment processes to discriminate against disabled women. Women with disabilities are sexually abused more than other women. Their vulnerability is left unrecognized because people associate violence with ‘sexual attractiveness’. Disabled women feel that the medical professionals discourage sexual relations, pregnancy and reported mistreatment. Disability interferes with a woman’s symbolic gender role leading to difficulty accepting disabled women as a wife. Disabled women are expected to go extra miles and prove their competence in workplace. The study revealed challenges shaped disabled women’s lives and inspired them to reach higher levels of education, work ethics, self-reliance, and resilience. The study suggested the implementation of awareness-raising initiatives to redress negative attitudes, gender norms, sexism, and disability bias. Programs on gender-based violence, education, health, and employment should pay attention to peculiarities at the intersection of gender and disability. Success stories of women with disabilities should be highlighted to inspire others and overcome negative stereotypes. Further studies are recommended to understand the way gender-based violence and other aspects of the interplay between gender and disability impacts men with disabilities.