Browsing by Author "Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)"

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    Analysis of Medium Term Expenditure Framework and Budget Allocation: The Case of Addis Ababa City Administration
    (Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Abera, Yetmgeta; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    In the developing world the level oj development remained unsatisJactory partly due to insufficient access to financial resources, poor utilization and management oj the resources in the public sector. To contribute its part the general objective oj this study is to examine the pelformance oj Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and its outcome on budget system oj Addis Ababa City. The thesis is designed to Jollow descriptive and exploratory type oJresearch method. Data have been collectedFom both primmy and secondary sources in order to generate relevant and valid result. Accordingly both structured and semi-structured questionnaires and interviews were implemented to access primary data Fom 76 respondents oj 22 public bureaus and 5 sub citiesThe findings oj the analysis revealed that MTEF is integrated in to the budget process; improved reallocation oj budget towards poverty oriented sectors based on the city's strategic plan when compared to the pre-MTEF implementation period. Acknowledging some benefits oj MTEF, its overall contribution to the budget system observed to be limited. Budget is highly input oriented rather thanJocusing on perJormance. There is no unit cost and standardization oj activities to estimate operational and project costs in the budget processOn the basis oj the empirical finding, the linkage between MTEF and the budget trend indicate that there is improvement on both revenue and expenditure perJormance. However, due to the Jact that many exogenous Jactors are left out only MTEF may not be attributed to these improvements. It is concluded that coupled with weak capacity oj the city, a fiill-fledged MTEF, is not sequenced by overall PEM reJorm restricting its Jull benef it. As a result, in order to improve the budget system, it calls Jor Jurther reJorm, which includes redesigning a city level MTEF, Jollowed by sequences reinJorcing reJorms to bring successful paradigm shift.
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    An Analysis of the Squatter Settlements Around Nazareth
    (Addis Ababa University, 1998-05) Beshada, Girma; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    Population growth, deterioration of rural invironments, migration and fast urbanization rate affect the socio-economic development and settlement process of any country. The growth of population in developing countries is closely related to the pattern of population distribution in relation to the resource base, wh ich also affects rural-to-urban migration and the urbanization process. Urban poverty, unemployment, inadequate housing, and the prol iferation of squatter settlements along with other urban problems, further aggravate the severity of urbanization problems in Third World countries, including Ethiopia. The malaise of rapid urbanization in many developing countries is evident in rapid growing of unauthorized settlements, the deterioration in many public services, the extreme shortage of housing, pressure on public facilities , and overcrowding in transport and so forth . It is often accompanied by increased unemployment and a worsening of income disparities. Urban growth, if not effectively managed, results in class conflicts, frustration and hatred between "haves" and "have nots" which eventually can lead to political upheaval and chaos. This paper examines prob lems related to rapid urbanization, housing problems and squatter settlements around Nazareth. It also considers the causes for the origin and fast development of the squatter settlements with their future prospects.
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    An Assessement of Municipal Land Supply System in the City of Bishoftu
    (Addis Ababa University, 2006-01) Tadesse, Sebsebie; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    Population growth is the determinant force driving the demand for land for residential development. Thus to cope up with the ever increasing demand for land for residential purpose, especially in the cities of third world countries the municipalities should have to be well-equipped to enhance residential land delivery. This study attempts to analyze primarily the causes of inadequate residentia l land supply, and its effect in the city of Bishoftu by taking into account a fiveyear data. To conduct the research survey method has been employed, and additionally it was triangulated by interviews, physical observation and documentary research. The analysis is made based on the available information and the collected data, which elucidates a gap between the demand and supply. In this research effort is made to analyze the situation of land delivery system both in the rent and lease regimes. The residential land supply is constrained among others, by mUltiplicity of accountability of the municipality, poor institutional capacity, and lack of strategy to address the low-income group, and competitive actors in the supply of new residential land. However, not significant there is a sign of speculation and hoarding. Thus, because the municipality is not adequately supplying residential land as a subsequent effect illegal settlement on the out skirts of the city have been expanding and market price for residential land is found to be higher as compared to other cities. The eviction of peasants living on the urban fringe is a lso one of the issues assessed and it is found that the city is growing at the expense of the peasants, since the compensation does not balance what they are forced to loose. The rent rate in general is very low in the city, which in turn attract people for speculation and hoarding. This is more likely in the case of lease regime.Thus to enable the municipality to supply residential land consistently in the future multifaceted interventions will be a sine qua none. Among these, the current multiple accountability of the municipality should be waived, low income targeting strategies should be designed , deliberate policy reform or regulations will be necessary and compensation of peasants should be participatory, in its real sense, are worth mentioning.
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    An Assessment of Green Area Development in Addis Ababa with Particular reference to Gullelle Sub city
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Ayenew, Gebeyehu; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    It is obvious that many urban areas are predominantly covered by concretes and nature is becoming less accessible for the existing and the coming generation. The study of this research has focused on the plan, implementation & management and the extent to which residents’ utilize green areas, mainly focused on city parks using primary and secondary data. The City Government has planned to develop 40% of the city with greenery at the year 2003. But, till 2014, it is not successful to achieve its plan mainly due to lack of strong enforcement of the Local Development Plan (LDP) and poor land use management. The existing major green area components (forests and city parks) have a total size of 8229.7 hectare (15.24% of city`s area) with limited degree of development. The up keeping and management of green areas in general and city parks in particular is limited mainly due to Lack of experienced human resource. Lack of clear legislation & justice, less participation of the community, and lack of sufficient documentation related to green area development has also contributed for the conversion, damage and limited development of green areas. Even though residents are aware of about the importance of green areas, the facility of existing City parks is very poor and their location & size is less accessible. Thus, frequency of visiting parks is limited mainly due to unattractive facility of parks, shortage of time, distance and transport factors. Thus, the city government is expected to create a green frame at watershed level; sufficient and stable man power; strong planning, monitoring and Evaluation system; clear standard and naming; modern documentation and spatial Data (GIS); active community involvement; and sufficient facilities of parks
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    Challenges of Private Residential Real Esatate Developments in Alleviating the Housing Demand in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-08) Shelemew, Minyahil; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    The study is set out to assess the prospect of current challenges of private real estate development in alleviating the housing demand in Addis Ababa. Hence, it stands to identify the major challenges that the industry is facing and tries to recommend the remedial actions to be taken. Extensive survey of theoretical and empirical literatures made to support the paper with applicable and worth full ideas. Primary data are also collected from the study area using both open ended and close ended questionnaires, structured interviews and by referring to documents and reports of the different governmental institutions. Simple quantitative techniques are used to analyze the data collected. The findings of this research show that the land acquisition for private residential real estate is through auction and negotiation. The large amount of land is stopped for the last decade following the abuse and misuse of resource. Now a days the only option of acquiring land is through auction system to work in joint venture with the previously land that has held as stake holders. Most real estate are admitted the 70/30 land use system, but they are providing only few public service provisions. The sector is highly challenged to the shortage of loan from financial institutions despite the fact that it is highly vulnerable to risk. The developer’s source of finance is the schedule payment system that their clients pay. The sector is also characterized by time and cost overrun caused by lack of financial source, cost escalation of construction materials etc. The high income segment of the society and member of the Diaspora are the main customers of the industry. The middle and low income groups of the society are marginalized by the untouchable cost of houses. Even the industry is not alleviating the real demand of housing that the city is encountered, but it is increasing the housing stock of the city. Finally, in order to enhance the housing problem, the findings suggested that clearly defined and explicit parameters of land issuance system, measures of control time and cost overrun, alternative mechanisms of financial provision scheme, strict reinforcement and incentives to accommodate the marginalized part of the society and the establishment of a concerned institutions recommended as a remedial action to the challenges the industry is facing
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    A Comparative Analysis of the housing Conditions of owner-occupied and Kebele- administered dwelling units in Bahir Dar
    (Addis Ababa University, 2003-06) Walle, Gebeyaw; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    The two major types of housing tenures that exist in Ethiopia are owner-occupied and rental occupations. Within the rental occupation, Kebele rented housing units have been created since the coming of the Derg to power and the issuance of proclamation No. 47/1975 which brought about government ownership of urban land and extra houses. Since then, all government owned houses in the country, which have less than 100 Birr rent per month, are administered by Kebeles. However, due to old age and lack of maintenance, these Kebele rented dwelling units are deteriorating from time-to-time. Hence, the main objectives of this study are, to compare and contrast the existing conditions of owner-occupied and Kebele administered dwelling units in Bahir Dar, the capital city of the Amhara National Regional state and to recommend some possible measures that would help in the formulation of the national housing policies and strategies. In order to obtain the primary data necessary for the study, stratified and systematic random sampling techniques were used to carry out the questionnaire survey in the town. A total of 689 heads of the households were selected for the sample survey. The methods used to process and interpret the data obtained were percentages, cross tabulations, and mean values. The major findings of the study show that, the housing situation of the town is generally characterized by acute shortage which is manifested by a wide gap between housing supply and need; lower effective demand; sub-standard housing conditions; old age and lack of maintenance, especially most Kebele rented dwelling units; and lower rent price of Kebele rented housing units. The distribution of the population of Bahir Dar is such that maximum population concentration is found in the central part of the town, that is, in Kebele 06 containing 732 persons per hectare and the lowest population density is found in the intermediate and peripheral Kebeles, such as Kebeles, 03, 11, 13 and 16. In addition to population, the spatial distribution of dwelling units by type of housing tenure shows that, most Kebele rented dwelling units (71 percent) are found in the central part, whereas,nearly 80 percent of owner occupied housing units are found in the peripheral parts of the town. Even though most dwelling units in both owner occupied and Kebele administered rental accommodations are found in sub-standard conditions, the study has indicated that owner-occupied dwelling units are much better in terms of the major housing quality indicators, as compared to Kebele rented housing units in the town. In other words, Kebele administered dwelling units are more deteriorated than owner occupied housing units. Finally, the study has identified that, the major factors which influence the current housing conditions of owner occupied and Kebele rented dwelling units are: old age and lack of proper maintenance, particularly those of Kebele rented housing units; lower occupational and income status of most of the Kebele tenants; the impact of government housing policies; local physical, and political conditions of the town as well as migration. Therefore, to solve the existing housing problems, the government should formulate a comprehensive housing policy that would give due attention to rental units particularly to the Kebele administered rental dwelling units, which do not have any responsible body who look after them
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    Coping strategies of displaced flood Victims: the case of dire dawa
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2011-06) i gebremeskel, Eleni; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    The main aim of this study was to explore post crisis coping strategies of the 2006 flooddisplaced victims of Dire-Dawa in the three resettlement camps (Jerba, Gende, and Mariam sefer). The study intended to look at the challenges victims face to cope, the coping strategies employed and their outcomes, and finally the influential factors behind the choice of coping mechanisms. As a theoretical framework, sustainable livelihood framework (SLF) was employed To this end, out of a total of 624 flood-displaced victims in the three resettlement camps, 18% were selected proportionally for the purpose of this study. Accordingly, 112 respondents were selected. To achieve the objectives mentioned, data were gathered through questionnaire, key informant interview, focus group discussion and observation. The questionnaire was distributed for all 112 sample respondents; FGD was conducted with 16 of the participants of this study. In addition, to cross-check the results of the survey, interview was made with 7 key informants (women, leaders of the resettlement camps, and chair person of the Dire Dawa DPPA bureau). The data obtained through questionnaire were analyzed using simple descriptive statistical methods such as frequencies, percentages, charts, tables, and graphs. For the qualitative analysis (for the data obtained through focus group discussions, key informant interview, observation, open-ended questions) direct quotes and discussions were made. Results of the study revealed that, economic, social/organizational and cultural coping mechanisms were employed in response to challenges exerted by flood incidence. The social/organizational and cultural coping strategies were found to be the most effective whereas some of the economic coping mechanisms were found to be least effective (e.g. children involvement in livelihood activities). The researcher of this study recommends that mechanisms should be designed by city administration and NGOs to avert the consequent problems of those coping strategies which have undesirable outcome (reduction of meals, children school dropout). The communities studied should also be benefited from micro credit services so as to diversify income generating activities and ensure sustainable livelihood
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    Decentralization and Municipal Service Delivery in Addis Ababa: The Case of Land Administrarion in Bole Sub-City
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-08) Debasu, Haimanot; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    The major objective of this study is to investigate the process of decentralization an Land Administratian in Bale Sub-city. . Five ina jar Land administratian services are selected to. canductthis study. These are prepcII'atian afTiIle deed far land passessian, Set/lement af land baundwy disputes, Registratian af tramler/transactians, Campensatian af relacatian, and Registratian armartgages. To. meet the abave stated abjective,·the. study . utilized survey research design which is characterized by sampling and quesliol1Jiaire. Fram the tatal af 785 service-seekers 78 are selected using simple randam sampling using the sample/rame Fam Land Administratian Department af Bale Sub-City. Regarding the questiannaire, clase and apen ended questians are emplayed to. gather data relevant to. the· study. Mareaver, key infarmants, abservatian and apprapriate dacuments are used to. triang,date the existing data. Bath qualitative and quantitative data analysis was employed to. assess the true nature af the tapic under investigatian. The study faund aut that decentralizatian afland administratian in Bale Sub-City is resulted in relatively beller accessibility af custamers to. land services in view af nearness to. their lacatian, relatively fast decisian making af afficials in the .land administration. Hawever, in all five land administratian services investigated in the study area, service delivery is canstrained by variaus prablems. The prablem ,!s . aggravated by vastness af the Sub-City, being an expansian area af the city, mwipawer, lagistics, ethical prablems as well as lack af caardinatian af different hierarchies. af land administratian badies. Hence based an the findings, same recammendatians a/'e made. Keywords: Decentralization, Munitipal Service, Land Admini stration, Bole Sub-City.
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    Domestic Solid Waste Management in Mekelle City: Tigray Region
    (Addis Ababa University, 2002-06) G/ Michael, G/ Tsadkan; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    This study examines the overall pattern of solid waste generation, collection and disposed in Mekelle city by analyzing primary as well as secondary data. The findings show that about 39792.9Kg of solid waste in a day and 1424408.5kg in a year were generated in Mekelle in 2001. The largest proportion, over 75%, of the solid waste was of residentional origin, i.e. domestic solid waste, which predominantly consists organic items such as ash and garbage. In general the amount of solid waste generated was found to be a function of household income, where the lower, the middle and the higher income groups generate 0.277 kg,, 0.301 kg and 0.412 kg per capita per day respectively. In the year 2001 the solid waste collection and disposal service coverage by the Health Office of Mekelle was only 39.38%. The main factors behind the poor performance include improper organizational structure, shortage and dissatisfaction of the workers, inadequacy and inappropriateness of the collection and transportation facilities (both the containers and vehicles), unfair distribution and sitting (placement) of the containers, and inadequate financial resources. Moreover, there were no detailed rules and regulations, ordinance and public education concerning solid waste management. The site selected for solid waste disposal, the disposal technique and the solid waste collecting and transporting techniques used were also part of the main constraints of the solid waste management in the city of Mekelle. The findings also indicate that certain social-cultural factors have aggravated the problem of solid waste management in Mekelle. The leading factors in this regard include improper handling of solid wastes at home, improper transfer of solid waste into the container and the illegal disposal of solid waste anywhere in the city. The findings of the survey, in general, suggest that the Mekelle City Administration, particularly its Health Office, take the necessary measures in order to improve the City's solid waste management service. Moreover, the Health Office has to make efforts to achieve a meaningful level of community participation in its endeavors to create a clean and healthy urban environment
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    Employment and Income in the Urban Informal Sector; a Case Study of Ka Tikala Producers in Assela Town
    (Addis Ababa University, 1999-06) Wolde, Tesfaye; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    0ir:;P in Assela town. In order to achieve this, a multi-stage sampling procedure was emp oyed. On the whole useable questionnaires were collected from 200 katikala producing households in six systematically selected kebeles and 30 katikala distributors. In order to achieve the objective, both descriptive and statistical analytical tools have been utilised. Pearson 's product moment analysis model was employed to see determinants of income in the activity. The finding indicated that Katikala industry is found to support huge labour force (almost entirely of female) particularly in the production sector. The lack of job opportunity, family responsibility, insufficient family income from other sources are found to be the major pushing factors of the operators into the activity. The producers are using simple and rudimentmy tools and they work in in sanitary conditions. The finding filrther revealed that Katikala producers found to generate an average monthly income of I 02. 9 birr, while the distributors get avegare monthly income of 260.0 birr. The problems of lack of capitals, their incom ({1m other sources and their family size found to determine monthly income of the atakana roducers. Similarly, investing capital" work experience and age of the distributors are found to be the principal determinants of income to this group. The problems of housing, fluctuation of cost of input and out put, infrastructural facilities and the rudimentary equpements used in the activity and the backward techniques of production are found to be identified constraints among the producers, where as the abcence of defined predetermined location for sale ~ lack and improper transportation are found to be constraints for the distributors.
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    Factors Affecting Maternal Health Care Utilization in Duna Woreda SNNPR
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-02) Tadesse, Tsedeke; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    Maternal health care service utilization is very low in developing countries especially in Ethiopia .Having this in mind, this study was made to assess factors influencing the utilization of maternal health care service in Duna Woreda, SNNPR Ethiopia. A primary data source was used as a data input and cross-sectional study was conducted from January 10 to March 20, 2014 in Duna Woreda, SNNPR. A Total of 130 women birth in the three preceding the survey were selected systematically. Data were collected using questionnaires and FGD were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. The study indicates that ANC of coverage the study area was very low; about (46.1%). The main reasons non attending ANC service accessibility and availability of health service. Institutional delivery coverage in the study area was also very low; about 21.6% .majority of delivers took place at home; about 78.4%of delivers took place at home due to presences of relatives nearby, prefer TBA, lack of awareness, and transport problem were the main reason cited for resorting to home delivery. The chi-square test analysis indicate that the risk of non-attendance of ANC service and home delivery was higher for those women whose resident was rural, low educational status, women attitude, higher parity, distance, ,household income and access to media found to be significantly predictors. in conclusion, the study indicate that the low coverage of ANC and delivery care service in the study area due to demographic ,socio-economic and socio-cultural factors. Increasing of maternal health service coverage and promotion of education, information, women awareness for use of institutional delivery and ANC service in the rural and urban community are recommended
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    Factors Influencing Access to Private Homeownership in Bahir Dar city, Amhara Region: The Case of Middle-and Low-income workers
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Belay, Fasika; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    The study aimed at identifying factors influencing access to homeownership particularly among middle- and low- income employees of Bahir Dar. The study employed the survey method, interview, FGD and physical observation to achieve the objective. The survey questionnaire included both open-ended and closeended types. The analysis was done by using frequency, percentage, Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis in order to measure and describe the relationship between dependant variable and explanatory variables. The multiple regression analysis shows that, the independent variables are affecting tenure structure at the extent of 0.783. Moreover, it also shows that the leading variables that influence access to homeownership among middle- and low- income employees of the city are age and saving. The qualitative analysis of the study reveals that institutional shortcomings surrounding the land delivery process are the major problems that influence access to homeownership. Hence, the municipality should periodically evaluate the overall capacity and process of the land delivery system. Furthermore, short term and long term training should be given to the officials in order to make the land delivery system more effective. Lack of access to credit facilities has been one of the major problems constraining access to homeownership. Therefore, different financial institutions should provide long term housing loan with appropriate criteria and low or reasonable interest rate. Middle-and low-income employees should also improve the habit of saving by using formal and informal methods like equb. Moreover, it is better for the municipality to improve low-cost housing projects in order make low- and middleincome employees homeowners.
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    The Housing Condition of Public and Private Sector Employees in Addis Ababa: The Case of Employees of Ministry Of Education and Awash Bank
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-04) W.Michael, Abraham; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    This study exammes one of the welfare Issues, housing condition in Addis Ababa. It uses the case of employees of public and private sector (employees of Ministry of education and Awash Bank to add to the body of empirical knowledge. The main objective of the paper was to assess the housing situation of employees and also to examine if an association exists between housing condition and household characteristic factors of employees. A total of 195 employees were selected using probability proportionate to size with systematic sampling techniques. The results of the study in general revealed that the housing conditions of employees are found in poor condition (substandard) when measured in terms of physical conditions of the houses, access to basic housing amenities and facilities, and crowding. Also, majority of the employees do not have their own dwelling units. The empirical analysis based on multiple regresslOn analysis usmg stepwise method revealed that access to basic housing amenities and facilities IS influenced by marital status and educational level of employees. Sex, marital status educational level and mcome of employees affect the type of construction materials used for a dwelling. The level of occupancy of room and ownership of a home is determined by marital status and age of employees. Providing quality housing by providing access to credit and loan facilities is an important factor for the overall development.
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    The Impact of Horizontal Urban Expansion on Sub-Urban Agricultural Community Livelihood: The Case of Bore Town, Southern Oromia,Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06-21) Akayu, Aschalew; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    Throughout the world, we find human being residing either in urban or rural or in between urban fringes or rural fringes. Both urbanization and ruralism are counter competing areas whereas the area between is the field of contest As it is concomitant with socio-economic development, urbanization has a higher level of development in developed nations than under developed ones. In Ethiopia, although its level is the lowest even among other under developed nations, its rate, however, is the highest and made a country one of twenty-three countries experiencing fast urbanization in the World. As a matter of this fact, Bore Town is among the Ethiopian urban settings experiencing unprecedented rate of urbanization through expansion. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the impacts of urban expansion on the livelihoods of farm households residing in the urban fringes of Bore Town, which is located in the Southern Oromia region of Ethiopia. This study was designed to investigate the land acquisition procedures employed by the town administration, sustainability of livelihood related support provided to dislocated farm households and good practices elsewhere as regards sustainable livelihood strategies. Based on the descriptive research design, the study had applied the mix methods of both Qualitative and Quantitative approaches. A household survey was conducted on 72 farm households heads sampled through snowball techniques and through employing key informants of the study. Primary data had been collected through questionnaire, semistructured interview guides, participant observation and focus group discussion while the secondary one was from different written and documented sources. Having analyzing the collected data through the SSPS, the finding of the study revealed that the land acquisition procedures adopted by the town administration take place in the absence of participation and consultation with affected farm households. Moreover, the acquisition of land for urban expansion has been taking place without any compensation for loss of assets and improvements made on the land that adversely affected the livelihoods of households and families residing in the urban fringes of Bore town. Hence, the livelihood of such community has been at the verge of risk. This negative externality was attributed mainly to lack of awareness (legal frame work), lack of good governance and lack of goodwill of town administration & lack of observance of existing rules and regulations on land expropriation from and compensation to farmers were determining factors. Thus, it is the recommendation of this study that there is a need to prevail urban good governance to curtail the problem, especially, following participatory approach on stakeholders, particularly, farmers, in to urban development plans and projects, land acquisition procedures should be implemented in accordance with provisions of the proclamations and regulations of the country that provide for commensurate compensation as well as the sustainable livelihood related support to farm households to be dislocated to give way for urban expansion . There should, also, be awareness of existing rules and regulations which guide expropriation from and compensation to farmers when their land is expropriated for public interest, there should, also, be consideration of the recipients' interests on kind and quantity of compensation to farm households, then, pre-trainings and post coaching need to be carried out to enable such community sustain and secure their livelihood in such changed and continuously re changing urban terrains. Keywords: urban expansion, expropriation, compensation, livelihood
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    The Impacts of Urban Built-Up Area Expansion on the Livelihood of Farm Households, in the Peri-Urban Areas of Mekelle City: The Capital of Tigray Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Mehari, Shishay; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    Although Ethiopia is under urbanized even by the African standard with 17% of its total population lives in an urban areas (i.e. above 83% of the total population of Ethiopia depend on agriculture) currently the urban expansion has adverse impacts on many farm households’ livelihood sources in the peri-urban areas. The basic problem is that urban growth causes not only loss of agricultural farmlands but also displacement of farm households and challenged for their livelihood sources in peri-urban territories. Such urban expansion affects more of the farm communities in rural-urban fringe areas, especially in developing countries of agrarian economy, like Ethiopia. On the other hand, there are legal rights/issues concerning the farmland holding expropriation and compensation. The federal constitution of Ethiopia under article 40(4 and 8) states that, the farmers who hold farmland have the right not to be expropriated without just compensation for their farmlands. In addition to this, Article 44(2) states that; “All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or other alternative means of compensation, including relocation with enough state assistance.” However, many cities, including Mekelle; did not implement these laws of land and other subordinate laws properly due to weak governance, lack of financial capacity and other problems. As a result, many farm households were displaced from their farmlands with little or no means of compensation and which are presently suffering from food insecurity. Thus the study conducted to investigate ‘the major impacts of urban built up area expansion on the livelihood of farm households in the peri-urban areas of Mekelle city, capital of Tigray regional state’. In addition the specific objectives are; identifying major impacts assess the implementation of the legal rights of farmers and their coping mechanisms. The researcher was take a total of 140 (25%) sample size of farmers through systematic and purposive sampling methods and 10 officials for interview and FGD. Data was collected through questionnaires, interviews and FGDs. Due to the urban expansion process 81.4 hectares of farmlands has been converted to urban land use from the selected 90 sample farm households in the peri-urban areas. Out of these almost half of them 40 (45%) were displaced without legal compensation (but with small amount of subsidy only maximum of 3000 birr) and large amount of farmlands 39 hectare (48%) were expropriated without legal compensation. Thus, in the industrial site (Quiha and Adi-ha) the built up area expansion program resulted to loss of 54.1 (from 79.5) hectare of farmland from 61 selected sample holds. The total land holding site left only 25.4 hectares. In the residential site (Aynalem), 29 selected sample households lost a total of 27.3 (from 41.8) hectares of land and were left with 14.5 hectares. The federal and the regional governments should review the laws which were adopted in relation to expropriation and update the packages and amount of compensation to be paid for the displaced farmers in turn with the best experiences of other countries and enfarce the municipality to implement the intended rules and regulations accordingly. Farmers should train and co-operate in order to create alternative sources of livelihood
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    Integra Ted Housing Development Program in Addis Ababa: Policy Versus Performance, The Case of Kirikos Sub City
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-07) Azagew, Sileshi; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    Today, many developing countries urban centers are facing different problems. Housing shortage and poor housing condition are the most critical challenge. Ethiopian urban areas in general and Addis Ababa in particular are also the part of this problem. The Addis Ababa city government has been trying to mitigate this housing problem through Integrated Housing Development Program by upgrading and redeveloping the city's slum area since 2006. To implement such a huge type of program is challengeable with low capital, inadequate labor and lack of comprehensive housing policy. In this study, the researcher investigates the performance and challenges of this Integrated Housing Developments Program in Addis Ababa by taking Kirkos sub city as a case study. To obtain primary data, purposive and random stratified sampling methods were used while conducting a questionnaire survey. The sample units consist of the households that are living in condominium houses. First, the housing project sites were selected purposefully, and then the selected sites are stratified into four strata based on the housing typology. In ;;um, by using lottery method 135 households, forming 15% of the sample frame were selected from all housing typology. As per the main finding of the study the IHDP has failed to achieve its major objective in the planned time scheduled. The housing project was started with the objective of solving the housing problem of the low income and middle-income group. However, the vast majority of the beneficiaries were higher income households, and significant number of the houses were rented by being transferred the units to a third party. In providing basic utility and infrastructure, the project has positive image, but the quality of the provided utility and infrastructures were not satisfactory. According to the program, the Project office should have constructed 200,000 housing units from 2006-2010, but only 39% of the planed is achieved. The program deemed more successful only in terms of generating job opportunities and improving the livelihood of the operators. So in or..d er. to make the program sustainable in every aspect, evaluating the program and then revising the strategy and objective of the program with the reality on the ground should be important. Government should also formulate appropriate and comprehensive housing policy that addresses the housing problem of the urban poor.
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    Livelihoods and Food Security in the Small Urban Centers of Ethiopia: The Case of Durame, Wolenchiti, and Debre Sina Towns
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-11) Tegegne, Ephrem; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    Food insecurity has generally been associated with rural communities, whereas the number of people living in urban areas is deemed to be growing constantly and so is the number of the urban poor. In addition, the recent sharp rise in food prices suggests that poor urban households would be forced to experience an ever-widening food gaps. However, there is little empirical evidence that quantifies the prevalence of urban food insecurity and how people living in urban areas are coping with the sustained high food prices. This study therefore aims to address this gap by investigating the food security situation in the small urban areas of Ethiopia. This thesis investigates the current livelihoods and food security as well as vulnerability situation of households living in Durame, Debre Sina and Wolenchiti towns of Ethiopia. In doing so, the study employs a mixed methods approach, whereby both qualitative and quantitative data are collected from the subjects of the study. The qualitative data is gathered using focus group discussions, case study and key-informant interviews while quantitative data is collected using a structured questionnaire administered to three hundred households randomly selected from the poor communities of the three small towns stated above. Food security was defined using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale criteria. It is found that the poor have limited access to financial capital and characterized by low human capital. They are also vulnerable to insufficient water supply and over-crowded housing conditions. The study findings indicate that the lack of stable income, especially from wage employment, has formed uncertainty about the survival of households. As a result, poor people rely on a wide variety of strategies to eke out a bare existence and to cope with their income and food insecurity. The price of foods was rising and simultaneously the households’ purchasing power was eroded due to lower incomes and seasonal fluctuations in employment situation. It is found that households in the lower income group spent a great proportion of their income on food. The common coping strategies used by households against high food price were shifting to lower quality food or less expensive food types and reduction in the quantity of meals. The study found high prevalence of food insecurity; 77 % of the households were food insecure, with 48 % being moderately or severely food insecure. Factors associated with food security include level of income, source of livelihood, household size, and educational status of household heads. Households with higher food insecurity scores tend to have lower food consumption patterns. The research highlights that residents in the poor areas of the studied small towns generally eat monotonous food, with little concern for quality. The analysis of the data on the contextual factors influencing people’s consumption patterns by using a political ecology approach reveals that various interacting factors, including the political-economic, socio-cultural and ecological factors that influence the decision around which foodstuff households consume and around food consumption patterns within the studied small towns. Overall, the urban poor as investigated in this study, experience the high level of poverty and the subsequent high prevalence of food insecurity; the situation worsening during summer (kiremt) season in the perception of the respondent, causing frequent use of consumption based coping strategies. Effective response to addressing vulnerability to food insecurity among urban households should focus on adopting an urban food security strategy with a safety net program on stabilizing the food market and on creating opportunities that could improve the livelihood and purchasing power of urban households
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    Monitoring Urban Expansion and Suitability Analysis for Residential Housing by Using Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing; the Case of Sululta Town; Oromia Regional State of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Jeba, Negasa; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    The title of this thesis is “Monitoring urban expansion and suitability analysis for residential housing by using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) the case of sululta town ”which is to examine rate of expansion of land use- land cover (LULC) classes such as cultivation land, Vegetation, settlements, Grassland and Bare land in thirty years by fifteen years interval which is 1986, 2001, 2016 as well as to indicate a suitable residential housing for future planning purpose. For change detection and residential housing suitability analysis integrated methodologies such as data collection, preprocessing, classification, post classification, accuracy assessment were used by application software such as ERDAS EGIME, ArcGIS, excel, etc. and GIS and Multi criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques and tools supported the processes. The primary data such as satellite Google image of TM 1986, 2001, and 2016 as well as GPS Google map, Field Observation, FGD, and the secondary data were widely used from different sources. The result of change detection analysis revealed that the area has shown a remarkable land Cover/land use changes in general LULC classes such as settlements, cultivation land, vegetation, grassland and open area cover. When settlements increased cultivation land, and vegetation land were decreased rapidly in general. Others were Grass land classes which in 1986 where as in 2001 decline by 20.47% and in 2016 it rapidly increased by 30.30% in study area. Bare land were increased in each three study years which were constituted 0.58% in 1986, and 62.47ha 1.40% and 228.80ha 5.12% in 2001 and 2016 respectively. Suitable residential areas were selected for future urban planning purpose by considering factors such as LULC, road Proximity, Geology, Slope value, river, soil types, and population density. By using these factors the results indicate that the very suitable sites has an area value which accounts 131.9ha (3 %) and followed by moderately suitable site which accounts 1551.8ha (34.7%) while marginally suitable area accounts 2731.2ha (61%) and not suitable lands of study area constitutes 55.6ha which is 1.3%. The problem of sululta town rapid expansion of urban land is directly linked with the activity of man such as population pressure dynamics (natural increasing and migration), and the socio-economic factors such as expansion of investments activities. In order to overcome the problem and effectively manage the town corrective measures had been Suggested which can be implemented both in the short term and long term time for intended bodies
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    The New Life Style Challenges of Condominioum: The Case of Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-10) Petros, Dereje; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    The study aims to assess influences of living style change from slam areas settlement to a confined condominium housing units. Summit condominium communal living site, is one of primarily established communal living sites developed with the ambitious government led low and middle income housing programme. The selection of Summit Condominium for this research is because of the presence of hundreds of households who have been relocated from the previously less developed areas of Addis Ababa through the integrated housing development program of the city administration. For this research a total of 385 sample households selected. Simple descriptive statistical tools, such as percentage, frequency, and mean were employed to analyse the quantitative data produced through household survey and qualitative data generated through focus group discussion, key informant interview and personal observation. Although securing a housing unit with the initial payment that only costs one fifth of the total home’s price made residents pleasant, the research identified the presence of various grounds that create feeling of dissatisfaction among residents of Summit. For instance, 85.7 % of Summit respondents didn’t think their residence is safe for children. This is because of the presence of construction leftovers all over the place& damaged stairways while leaving rusty and sharp iron bars unsafely visible. In order to achieve better living condition, owners associations at Summit Condominium need to be more strengthened and more committed. Key word: Condominium Housing, housing project, new life style
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    A Pollcy Challenge In A Period of Transition To Market Oriented Economy: The Case of Kebele Residential Houses In Woredas 4 And 7, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2003-07) Terefe, Bethel; Mulugeta, Solomon (PhD)
    The situation of residential Kebele houses, which make up 44.4% of the total residential housing stocks in Addis Ababa is worthy of study in the present context of a global housing policy of moving away from public housing to embrace a more market oriented housing sector. It is particularly important since this trend is also influencing the housing policy of Ethiopia in the country's period of transition to a more market oriented economy. Kebele houses represent the largest proportion of public housing in the country at large and in Addis Ababa in particular, housing substantial number of urban households. The Kebele houses suffer from poor public administration and neglect which led to the deteriorating condition of the housing stocks. The houses also occupy large central places in the city, producing a negative city image. This study has tried to asses the condition of the housing units and the situation of tenant households in selected two Kebeles of Addis Ababa; one located in 'Abnet' area and another in 'Kuwas Meda' area. The study has tried to asses the risks of lack of intervention and continuation of the current public tenure system on one hand and risks associated with inteiference on the other hand. Both of the Kebeles selected in the study are located adjoining the Mercato area. The Kebeles show similar characteristics in economic activities, occupation and livelihood strategy of tenant households. The findings of the study in the two Kebeles show that Kebele houses are found in congested situation, with poor quality service and physical infrastructure provision and poor physical condition. But, unlike predictions of previous studies on Kebele houses, the houses are not falling apart getting beyond repair and turning out of use. The houses are kept standing by long term upgrading and individual maintenance efforts of tenant households. The Kebele houses in the study areas have given shelter to the most vulnerable and poor urban households. Most Kebele house tenants in the study area depend on the double use of a residential Kebele house, and the location advantage it provides them with its proximity to central and market areas to earn their lively-hood. In addition, the findings show a mere transfer of tenure to sitting tenants through privatization is not likely to result in improvement of the condition of Kebele houses unless the dwellers are financially supported to undertake housing improvement and unless the problem of congestion is relieved. Finally, the study has tried to indicate the severity of social cost that will be involved in government intervention and risks associated with continuation current public system of tenure