Browsing by Author "Mohammed, Jemal"

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    Bacterial etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the prevalence of nosocomial infection in different clinical sample from patients attending intensive care unit in Tikur Anbessa Hospital,Addis Ababa,Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-06) Mohammed, Jemal; Bitew, Adane(Msc, PhD); Teklebrahan, Gebreab(Msc, PhD Fellow)
    Background: Nosocomial infections are widespread health problems in the world including in developed and developing countries which are the most important aggravating agents of mortality, morbidity, length of hospital stay and cost in the world. Nosocomial infections are becoming difficult to treat due to the increasing trend of antibiotics resistance, especially the critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Relatively, few data are available from Ethiopia to indicate present health care associated infections (HAIs) status of situation. Objective: To determine bacterial etiology, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and the prevalence of nosocomial infection in different clinical sample from intensive care unit patients in Tikur anbessa hospital Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December 2018 in intensive care unit of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital. Among 612 patients admitted to intensive care unit, 192 study participants (patients) who were suspected of bacterial nosocomial infections were included based on WHO guidelines for nosocomial infections using convenient sampling technique. Bacteria were isolated using culture and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI. ESBLs confirmation was done by double disk synergy diffusion method. Data was analyzed with SPSS version 23.0. Results: During a 12 months period from January to December 2018, 612 patients admitted to intensive care unit to Tikur Anbessa Hospital were studied for prevalence of nosocomial infection. A total of 192 patients were selected based on their clinical ground as per WHO 2002 guidelines. Total 14 % (87/612) patients were confirmed by culture to have nosocomial infection. Of the 77 patients were 70.1 %( 61) male and 29.9% (26) females. The distribution of nosocomial infection among positive cases was blood stream infection (38.5%). Respiratory tract infection(20.2%),urinary tract infection(17.4%) and surgical site infection(11.0%).A total of 109 bacterial strains were isolated ,K.pneumoniae accounted for (26.6%) of total isolates, followed by Acinitobacter spps (17.4%), E.coli (16.5%) and CoNS (9.2%). A large majority of bacteria isolates (82.6%) were gram negative. High multi drug resistances (MDRs) bacteria were observed in ICU and Overall, multi drug resistance was observed in 71.6 %( 78/109) of isolates. Gram positive and Gram negative isolates showed 52.6% and 75.6% MDR respectively. Both Gram-positive and-negative isolates expressed resistance to most of the penicillin and cephalosporins tested. Amikacin and Meropenem were the most effective antibiotics against gram negative bacteria isolates (except Acinitobacter spps). Acinitobacter Spps showed highly resistance for most drugs including amikacin and meropenem.High rates of the extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs) of K. pneumonia and E. coli were observed (31.9% and 21.3% respectively). Low rates (1.8%) of methicillin resistant staphyloccus aures (MRSA) was observed, whereas no vancomycin resistance Enterococcus spps were detected.
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    Challenges In Implementing Integrated Pharmaceutical Logistics System At Alert Hospital –Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2019-05) Mohammed, Jemal; Ensermu, Matiwos (PhD)
    Access and availability of essential pharmaceutical services play significant role in ensuring better health for the population. Implementation of integrated pharmaceutical logistics systems (IPLS) requires use of LMIS forms and records. The study aims at assessing challenges in IPLS implementation at ALERT hospital. The study used eight research questions that are answered as a result the study. In this study descriptive type of research was used with mixed method approaches where qualitative and quantitative data were collected in relation with challenges of implementing IPLS at hospital level using structured questionnaires and different secondary records and documents. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and secondary documents and records were also reviewed and analyzed. Detailed results presented in this paper on key IPLS implementation indicators. This study assessed challenges about the availability and use of quality LMIS formats and records. The study explored barriers in human resources management including improving staff capacity, on how to complete the forms and records and use technology. This study assessed the challenges related with infrastructure, finance, and application of regulatory policies and procedures in IPLS implementation. The study looked in to challenges associated with stock availability and storage conditions of pharmaceutical commodities and supplies at ALERT hospital. Human resources found to be one of the critical challenge in the IPLS implementation that include shortage of staff, lack of training on pharmaceutical logistics, and there is no mechanism in place to address attrition and enhance motivation. More efforts and resources should be geared towards addressing financial, infrastructural and technology related challenges that affect IPLS implementation. ALERT hospital still using paper based LMIS and pharmaceutical logistics efforts are not yet linked with health information management system that captures and reports services data. More attention should be given to improve LIMS data use and its quality. It was also found that the management of the hospital should address infrastructural issues around the store rooms including renovations and expansion
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    Communication Conduct on Fm Addis 97.1’S Hiv/Aids Phone-In Program
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-07) Mohammed, Jemal; Demissie, Teshome (PhD)
    This study examines how communication is conducted in a „lived‟ radio phone-in program about HIV/AIDS and related matters by narrowing its focus onto the context of the practice in FM Addis 97.1, a broadcasting station in Ethiopia. Previous works on institutional discourse and perspectives from Goffmanian and ethnomethodology-based approaches were drawn on in framing the theoretical and methodological foundations. The data were primarily collected by recording „lived‟ radio phone-in productions in the target communication setting. The corpus for analysis was assembled by making detailed transcriptions of the recordings of the participants‟ speech exchanges on two randomly selected themes: „Blood Testing Experience for HIV-antibody‟ and „Challenges in (to) being Faithful‟, which together lasted about fifteen hours. The analysis of these transcripts reveals that communication is organized in a way that places the program host, the caller, the guest or expert and the audiences in the participation framework. Although the actual speech exchange in the program appears to be made either between the host and the caller or the host and the guest, it seems to be primarily shaped for and by the audience who listen to that program. While interaction between the host and the guest is found to constitute part of the production, the speech exchange of the hosts and the callers appears to be central in the making up of the program. This exchange involves three broader phases: the openings, „doing‟ the talk and the closure. Each of these phases is observed to have distinctive features. The participants display their orientations to such features through a reliance on predictable combinations of moves, which are realized through a limited range of speech acts and conversational routines. With respect to the construction of roles and identities, it is observed that the participants‟ discourse roles appear to be made relevant in many ways, with explicit role definitions by the host and with implicit negotiations by the participants. Their identities are found to be built through a reflexive combination of sequential and categorical methods as the interaction unfolds. Regarding the construction of power relationship, the analysis reveals that asymmetrical power relationship is not that characterize all that is happening in the target site, and that asymmetrical power relationship manifest in this setting tend to be not an outcome of just social structural difference between the participants but (mainly) of an interactional accomplishment which is made evident in and through the joint interaction moves by the parties involved. This study argues that the target radio phone-in participants tend to enact from multiplicity of roles, align and disalign with some form of actions, and position each other symmetrically and asymmetrically to the attainment of the program‟s goal: modeling of a desirable health behavior and stance. The study outlines the implications of making a fine-grained analysis of talk in a radio phone-in program to future practices and pre-and in-service trainings of hosts. Finally, the study makes some suggestions as to what the hosts of a radio phone-in program might do to improve the way interactions are managed, and points out areas worth examining in future studies of the sort.
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    An Exploration of the EFL Instructors’ Use of Motivational Strategies in Communicative English Skills Classes: Mekelle University in Focus
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-08) Mohammed, Jemal; Demissie, Teshome (PhD)
    his study was conducted to explore EFL instructors’ use of motivational strategies in Communicative English Skills classes at Mekelle University. To achieve the objective of the study, the following questions were raised: What is the EFL instructors’ perception of using motivational strategies in communicative English skills classes? To what extent are the instructors using motivational strategies in Communicative English Skills classes? How is the instructors’ use of motivational strategies, if any, perceived by the learners? To find answers to these questions, data were gathered using observation checklist, interview and questionnaire. Each instructor’s sessions were observed twice. The interview was conducted with all the instructors (eight). All of the instructors and one hundred eight students completed the questionnaire. The data obtained via these tools were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. From the analysis of the observation checklist data, a positive result was reported concerning the instructors’ motivational behaviour and the students’ motivational intensity. The analysis of the two groups’ responses to the close-ended items of the questionnaire also revealed positive results, as the average mean scores of the instructors’ responses and the students’ responses were 4.20 and 4.06 respectively. The results of the open-ended item of the questionnaire and the interview also attested this finding. From this study, it was, therefore, evident that: the instructors had good awareness of the contribution of motivational strategies; they were employing motivational strategies in the Communicative English Skills classes to a fairly good extent; and the students were well aware of the instructors’ motivational efforts. The instructors’ efforts in promoting learners’ positive self-evaluation and the students’ feedback seeking behaviour were reported to be minimal, however. Finally, based on the findings recommendations were made. Instructors should do their level best to promote learners’ positive self-evaluation, feedback seeking behaviour, and self-motivating strategies; and should periodically conduct action researches pertaining to motivational teaching practice were among the recommendations m
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    Factors Affecting employee engagement: the moderating role of self efficacy study on Ethiopian insurance industry
    (A.A.U, 2019-06) Mohammed, Jemal; Lakew, Alemu (PhD)
    Employee engagement is playing an important role in contemporary Human resource practice that become the focus of Today’s literature, both academic and professionals and has been recognized as a weapon to survive in global competitive environment (Saks, 2006; Macey and Schneider, 2008). Yet the study and practice of employee engagement is not overwhelming, especially in understanding the antecedents considering the individual differences. The goal of this thesis was to investigate and analyze factors affecting employee engagement and the moderating role of self efficacy in Ethiopian insurance industry. A quantitative, cross-sectional research design was adopted. This study used two sampling stages. The first one is to sample out the company’s (strata’s) from the insurance industry and secondly a number of respondents within the selected companies. Data were collected from the sample of 347 from five companies in the insurance industry through self-administered standard questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, correlation, regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were used to analyze the data with the aid of SPSS version 20. And additionally Hayes process model version 3.3 was used for computing and depicting the moderation analysis. The results show that job characteristics, benefit and recognition, self efficacy and person job fit significantly influence the level of employee engagement, whereas, Work life balance, supervisory support is found to be statistically insignificant in predicting the level of employee engagement. The study also finds that self efficacy has a moderating role on the relationship between predictors (benefit and recognition, work life balance and supervisory support) and employee engagement. The study recommended that insurance companies should handle employee engagement with a great concern for their competitive advantage. The is study deem job and organization engagement as a single construct called ‘employee engagement’ however further research may consider investigating job and organization engagement independently and further investigate the moderating effect of other personality traits in predicting employee engagement
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    K-Trees and Catalan Identities
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-01) Mohammed, Jemal; Zeleke, Melkamu (Professor)
    Ordered trees are trees with a distinguished vertex called the root where the children of each internal vertex are linearly ordered. K-trees generalize ordered trees in the sense that ordered trees are 2-trees in which edges between nodes are drawn as double edges. A class of numbers are introduced which unify many well-known counting coefficients, such as the Catalan numbers, the Fine numbers and the Central Binomial numbers and also their generating functions are computed. The Generalized Catalan numbers count the number of homogeneous ordered k-trees consisting of n k-cycles. We can prove the 17 most useful Catalan generating function identities by simple algebraic manipulations. In this project also we use ordered trees and k-trees to obtain generating function identities involving generalizations of Catalan numbers, Central Binomial numbers, and Fine numbers. We give some examples to show possible applications of these identities, like the Fibonacci polynomials, which is the generalization of Fibonacci numbers, the higher derivative of Central Binomial numbers, enumerating edges of odd degree and odd out degree and also show that the ratio of generalized Fine numbers to Catalan numbers is asymptotic
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    Sequential Adaptation of Vero Cell Lines in Serum Free Medium for Fixed Rabies Virus Propagation
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-03-03) Mohammed, Jemal; Desalegn, Asnake (PhD)
    Culturing cell is a process of growing cells under physically controlled and aseptic environment in artificial medium. There are several cell lines including vero cell lines propagated using this method. Vero cell lines are derived from kidney of the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops). They are continuous and anchorage based cells that need sufficient surface to proliferate in growth medium. Vero cells are most commonly used to detect bacterial toxins and production of different vaccines. It has also used to grow different strains of rabies viruses to produce cell culture based vaccine for human and animal use; however vero cells propagated in serum supplemented medium that is very expensive and source of different contaminant agents. The aim of this research was therefore to adapt Vero cell lines in serum free medium sequentially for propagation of Pasteur virus (PV) and Evelyn Rokitnicki Abelseth (ERA) rabies virus strains. Vero cells were adapted sequentially in serum supplemented media by gradually reducing from 10% to 0% of serum concentration. Viable cells were counted until passage seven in each serum concentrations. The maximum viable cell density of Vero cells at each serum supplemented medium (0%, 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%) was 2.86x106 cells/ml, 2.75x106 cells/ml, 2.75x106 cells/ml, 2.70x106 cells/ml, 2.92x106 cells/ml and 2.75x106 cells/ml, respectively. The preferable incubation times to obtain those maximum viable cells were 96 hours and 144 hours for vero cells proliferated in 2.5% - 10% and 0% - 1% supplemented medium respectively. The incubation time increased as serum concentration in growth medium decreased to reach the confluence stage. The yield of viable cells grown in serum free medium were similar to cells proliferated in a serum supplemented medium. The virus titration was carried out at each serum concentration proliferated cells to determine the virus titer of both viruses. The maximum recorded virus titers for PV was 105.36TCID50/ml with 0.01 Multiplicity of infection after 96 hours incubation on serum free grown cells propagated virus and the maximum virus titer for ERA was 105.61TCID50/ml with 0.001 Multiplicity of infection on serum free media propagated viruses after 120 hours incubation. The incubation times were also increased as serum concentration was decreased to obtain the higher titer in both virus strains. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that cells that were adapted to serum free conditions is suitable for use in the rabies vaccine production.