Browsing by Author "Mekonnen, Alemayehu(PhD)"

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    Assessment of Face-Cleanliness and Environmental Control Components of Safe Strategy among Model and non-Model Households: a Comparative Cross-sectional Study in Selected Woreda of Lideta sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2015-06) Alelign, Amlak; Mekonnen, Alemayehu(PhD)
    In Ethiopia SAFE strategy (2002) has been implemented in different region of the country. To adopt better practices, Improvement of the habits of face washing and environmental control among model household as well as the whole community are necessary for sustainable reduction of trachoma in Ethiopia. Therefore, the implementation practice of face washing and environmental control components of SAFE strategy among model and non-model families is important to the reduction of trachoma infection in the country. Objective: The main objective of the study was to compare face-cleanliness and environmental control components of SAFE strategy among model and non-model households in the study area. Method: Quantitative study method in the form of community based comparative cross sectional survey was employed. Multi-stage with systematic random sampling technique was used to select households. Amharic version structure interview questionnaire was pretested and used. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS-version 20.descriptive analysis was done using percentage and presented using table. Binary and multivariate logistic regression was used to detect the potential difference between the groups. Result: More models (49%) used soap to wash their face regularly compared to non-model (34%) households. The magnitude of proper face washing among model households was 36.4%, but 26.2% among the non-model group [OR, 95 % CI =0.569: (0.4, 0.81]. Model households were about three times more likely to practice face washing per day compared to non-model ones [OR, 95% CI =2.902: (2.04, 4.155)]. Eight two percent of the model households used proper solid waste container while, 64.9% in the non-model [OR, 95%CI =2.25 :( 1.75, 3.65)]. Models were about two times more likely to using functional soaking pit compared to non-model households [ OR, 95% CI =1.659 (1.22-2.234)]. Model households were four times more likely to participate in keeping the cleanness of the compound compare to the non-models [OR, 95%CI =4.455, (2.26 ,8.775)]; and also two times more likely to possess separate kitchen outside the living room [OR, 95% CI =2.26 (1.62, 2.99)]. Conclusion: Model households were better in face washing and environmental improvement components of SAFE strategy compared to the non-model households, and hence, the strategy of making model households has to be expanded to those who are non-model households. Key words: Model household, Non-model household, “F” and “E” component of SAFE strategy.
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    Assessment of Factors Affecting Utilization of PMTCT Services among Pregnant women in Sebeta and Alemgena Health centers, Fin fine Zurya Special Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2012-06) Assefa, Berhane; Mekonnen, Alemayehu(PhD)
    Background: The HIV pandemic created an enormous challenge to the survival of mankind worldwide. Ethiopia is one of the country’s most severely hit by the pandemic. Besides the dominant heterosexual transmission, vertical transmission accounts for more than 90% of pediatric AIDS. Thus it is vital to study the utilization of the services by pregnant women to ensure programme effectiveness. Objective: The objective of this study is to assess factors affecting utilization of PMTCT services among pregnant women in Sebeta and Alemgena health centers, Fin Fine Zurya Special Zone of Oromia from March, 2012. Methodology: Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted to determine factors that affect the utilization of PMTCT services. Data were collected using interviewer administered questionnaire among 387 pregnant women following antenatal care in the selected facilities of Fin Fine Zurya Special Zone of Oromia region. Two focus group discussions & 4 in-depth interviews were also conducted. Results: Three hundred eighty seven respondents participated in the study making a response rate of 96%. Out of these, 95.6% were tested for HIV. Pregnant women who had formal schooling were 9 times more likely to utilize voluntary HIV testing compared to illiterate [AOR (95% CI) = 8.99(1.70-15.57)]. With respect to occupation of women, farmers were less likely to undergo voluntary HIV testing compared to non farmers in occupation [AOR (95%C.I.)= 0.44 (0.22-0.99)]. Pregnant women who have had the knowledge that HIV transmission occurs during sexual intercourses were more likely to undergo voluntary HIV testing. Those who perceived that discussions about HIV/AIDS with husband cause marital disharmony were more likely to differ from undergoing voluntary HIV testing. [AOR (95%CI) = 0.20(0.05-0.87)]. Conclusion: Formal educations, occupation, knowledge about HIV transmission, discussion with husbands were found to be the predicators of PMTCT service utilization. Targeted community sensitization and mobilization on PMTCT to reduce stigmatization & discrimination, to increase partners’ involvement in the program & continuous health education to increase knowledge through community based education using outreach, home to home & community conversion to increase PMTCT utilization by pregnant mothers were recommended.
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    Assessment of factors affecting women’s intention to use long acting and permanent contraceptive methods among family planning clients of public health facilities in Ambo town, Oromia National Regional state, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2010-06) Negewo, Dashe; Mekonnen, Alemayehu(PhD)
    Back ground - contraceptive prevalence in Ethiopia increased from 8.1% of women of reproductive age group in 2000 to 14.7% in 2005, but the prevalence of long acting and permanent contraceptive use has remained very low. There is a high unmet need for spacing and limiting, which implies a substantial number of unwanted pregnancies that could be avoided with the utilization of contraceptives especially long-acting and permanent methods. Intention to use a method of contraception is an important indicator of the potential demand for family planning services. Objective- The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of intention and factors affecting women’s intention to use long acting and permanent methods among family planning clients of public health facilities in Ambo town, West Shoa zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods-The study design was facility based both cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative method. A total of 519 family planning clients were selected from the three public health facilities by using systematic random sampling. The sample size was assigned to each health facility proportionally to their daily client flow for the quantitative part, and 22-women were selected purposively for the qualitative study by taking into consideration different socio demographic factors. Data entry& data analysis was done by Epi Info version 6 soft ware package and SPSS version 11. Bi-variate and multivariate logistic regression was employed. Results- The prevalence of intention to use LAPMs among clients of other modern contraceptive methods users was about 291(56.1%). Women’s knowledge on LAPMs, attitude on LAPMs and total number of alive children the women had were significantly associated with the intention to use LAPMs in the future at p<0.05. The knowledge of LAPMs in the study area was 296(57%). Among LAPMs, implant was known by 289(97.6%) and the least known was vasectomy 78(26.4%). Conclusion and recommendation: intention to use LAPMs depends on knowledge and attitude on LAPMs and total number of alive children the women had. There is a desire to use long acting and permanent contraceptive methods in the future in the area. Investment on LAPMs in the area, improving the attitude and knowledge on LAPMs are important factors for the improvement of uptake of long acting and permanent contraceptive methods.
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    Assessment of Magnitude and Determinants of Neonatal Care Practice among Mothers in Selected Health Centers of Addis Ababa, Administration, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-06) Daba, Workinesh; Mekonnen, Alemayehu(PhD)
    Background: Essential newborn care is a wide-ranging approach planned to improve the health of newborns through interventions before, during and after pregnancy, immediately after birth and during postnatal period. In Ethiopia about 120,000 newborns die every year in the first weeks of life which accounts for 42% of all deaths of under five mortality. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and determinants of essential newborn care practices among mothers in selected health centers of Addis Ababa, city administration, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted in February to March, 2015. A total of 576 women in the first six weeks of post partum were included in the study. The collected data were entered into computer using Epi-Data version 3.5 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. Logistic regression was fitted to assess possible associations and the strength of association was measured using odds ratio with 95% CI. Result: The study revealed that the level of essential new born care practices was 38.8%. Education and advise about essential new born care practices during and after birth by skilled birth attendants (OR=2.17, 95%, CI=1.42,3.31),home visit by health extension worker (OR=1.55, 95%CI=1.03,2.32) and place of delivery at health centers (OR=7.69, 95% CI =1.32, 36.42), at private health facility(OR=9.18, 95% CI=1.32, 63.75) and government hospital (OR=6.68, 95% CI =1.32, 33.87) were found to have statistically significant association with essential new born care practices. Conclusion: This study indicated that level of essential newborn care practices were low even though the majority of respondents practice early initiation of breast feeding and safe cord care. Home visit by health extension workers, timing of postnatal care visit by skilled birth attendants, advice about essential newborn care practices during and after pregnancy and place of delivery were found to be independent predictors of essential newborn care practices in the study area
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    Assessment of Opportunities and Challenges towards the Implementation of PMTCT Guideline in Public Hospitals of Addis Ababa City Government
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Gobezie, Fantahun; Mekonnen, Alemayehu(PhD)
    Interventions to PMTCT are commonly recommended strategies to prevent HIV transmission from mothers to their babies. Ethiopia has started the PMTCT intervention programs since the late 1990s. Although the coordinated efforts against HIV/AIDS helps Ethiopia to reduce national prevalence among adults to 1.5%, the performance of PMTCT programs so far was as low to 28% in 2013. The Ministry of Health revised the 2007 guideline in 2011 to facilitate an accelerated implementation of the program. The objective of this study, therefore, was to assess the status and associated opportunities and challenges in the implementation of the 2011 PMTCT guideline in public hospitals run by the Health Bureau of Addis Ababa City Government. Qualitative approach based on key informant interview and checklists was employed. Thematic data analysis from the raw data was carried out. Findings of this study confirmed that implementation of the PMTCT guideline at facility level was not as per the recommendations of the guideline. Commitments of the global community and MOH through the introduction of advanced ART drugs make PMTCT program a promising intervention to see HIV free generation in the near future. Poor integration and monitoring system, low community involvement, loss to follow up and limited skilled workforce were found the major challenges to the PMTCT program. With an integrated approach, multidisciplinary professionals including social workers have many roles to play in this regard
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    Factors Associated With Late Disease Stage Presentation at Diagnosis of HIV Infection in South Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Mohammed, Yassin; Mekonnen, Alemayehu(PhD)
    Background: Late diagnosis results in delayed treatment, higher medical costs and an increased risk of mortality. However many HIV-infected patients in Africa are often diagnosed at very advanced stages of the disease. This study aims to narrow the information gap present in Ethiopia related to late testing. Objective: To identify factors involved with late presentation for HIV diagnosis within a free HIV program at public health facilities in south Wollo Zone. Method: The study used quantitative study method in the form of facility based cross-sectional survey. The study was conducted at public health facilities which provide HIV care in south Wollo Zone from December 2010 to May 2011. According to single population proportion formula with an additional of 15% non-response rate, the total sample size was 437. To reach this amount of sample size within the data collection time, HIV diagnosed patients who were on ART care and had a CD4 cell count with in three months of their first HIV diagnosis were taken as study subjects. Data on socio-demographic, socio-economic, KAB towards HIV testing and HIV/AIDS, VCT factors, health system related and other factors were collected using pre-tested interviewer guided structured questionnaire. The collected data were entered using EPIINFO 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS 16. The impact of the variables on the likelihood of late testing was analyzed using binary logistic regression. Results: Of 437 subjects, 270 (61.8%) were defined as late testers. Males were twice as likely to present late as compared to females (p=0.005). Testing for health related reasons showed a significant positive association (p<0.001). Drug users were positively associated with late testing. Having more than six sexual partners in life time was significantly associated with lower risks to presenting late. Testing with medical consultation was associated with higher risks of late presentation. Testing during pregnancy follow up lowers the risk of late testing. Conclusion: The study identifies HIV infected population groups at a higher risk of late HIV testing. The risk factors identified to be associated with late testing should be utilized in formulating targeted public health interventions in order to improve early HIV diagnosis. Recommendation: Many integrated efforts should be done to reduce the proportion of late comers for HIV diagnosis. Prospective studies assessing the impact of PITC in various medical settings should be conducted.
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    Magnitude and Associated Factors of Unmet Need for Family Planning Among Married Women of Rural Sude Woreda, Arsi Zone, Oromia Region
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Kebede, Wubishet; Mekonnen, Alemayehu(PhD)
    Back ground: Although there is an increased contraceptive prevalence rate over a time and many organizations involved on family planning programs, results from different studies indicated that high unmet needs exist for family planning in Ethiopia. How ever, studies on magnitude and determinants of unmet need for family planning in Ethiopia are limited to certain urban areas and couldn’t be generlizible to the rural communities. Therefore, this study identified the magnitude and associated factors of unmet need for family planning specifically among rural women of selected woreda and could be used for designing and monitoring the family planning programs. Objective: To assess the situation of family planning among currently married women of rural Sude Woreda, Arsi zone, Oromia Region. Methodology: Community based cross-sectional study design was used from March to April, 2010. Multi stage sampling technique was used. Primarily, simple random sampling technique was used to select four kebeles from 37 rural kebeles of selected woreda. By using systematic sampling technique 820 Households were selected at every fixed number of households. Only one respondent who met inclusion criteria was interviewed from each household. Focused Group Discussion and key informant interview was done to strength qualitative data. The data was analyzed by using Epi-info and SPSS. Results: Unmet need for family planning was found to be 16.5%, of which 8.6 % and 7.9 % were for spacing and limiting, respectively. Only age was found to be significantly associated with unmet need for limiting [AOR: 2.41, 95%CI: (1.083, 5.368)]. Conclusions: Generally, the current study indicated that the contraceptive prevalence among currently married reproductive age women was higher than that of national and oromia. High proportion of women who want to use methods for limiting birth, were found to be using injectables and pills, due to un availability of long term and permanent methods of contraceptives
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    Reproductive Health Knowledge and Services Utilization among Rural Adolescents in Machakel woreda, East Gojam Zone, ANRS, Northwest Ethiopia, 2012.
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2012-05) Alemu, Amanuel; Mekonnen, Alemayehu(PhD)
    Background: According to World Health Organization (WHO) adolescents are defined as persons between 10 and 19 years of age; nearly 20% constitute Ethiopian population and fourfifth live in rural areas. Studying their reproductive health knowledge, services utilization and associated factors is highly relevant to design age-appropriate program interventions and strategies in the local context. Objective: To assess the reproductive health knowledge and services utilization among rural adolescents in Machakel woreda, East Gojam Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the reproductive health knowledge and services utilization of rural adolescents in Machakel woreda. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative methods. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select 415 adolescents from eligible households. Data were collected through structured pre-tested questionnaire and using in-depth interview guides. The data were entered into Epi Info and analyzed by using SPSS software for windows. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were done. Result: More than two-third (67%) of the adolescents were knowledgeable about reproductive health issues. Late adolescence (AOR=3.77, 95%CI (3.1, 8.98)), residing with grandparents and/or other relatives (AOR=2.21, 95%CI (1.81, 6.04)) and being from rich families (AOR=3.37, 95%CI (1.65, 6.87)) were associated with reproductive health knowledge. However, only a fifth (21.5%) of the adolescents have ever utilized reproductive health services. Parent (s) disapproval, lack of basic information and pressure from partners were found to deter adolescents from accessing reproductive health services. Late adolescents had more tendencies to use reproductive health services (AOR=2.18, 95%CI (1.13, 8.03)). The likelihood of utilizing reproductive health services was significantly associated with knowledge for reproductive health (AOR=1.23, 95%CI (1.23-4.21)). Conclusion: It was found that reproductive health knowledge and services utilization amongst rural adolescents remained insufficient. Community-conversation in line with adolescent-toadolescent- counseling, peer education and parent-adolescent communication should address sensitive topics such as sex education and other reproductive health issues