Browsing by Author "Manyazewal Anberber"

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    Assessement of the Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Program In Chewaka Settelement Station, Illubabour Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
    (2007-06) Manyazewal Anberber ; Yilkal Asfaw,
    The impact of tsetse and trypanosomosis control program conducted in Chewaka settlement station during 2005/6 was assessed through retrospective and cross sectional studies by comparing the prevalence of trypanosomosis and density of tsetse before and after the intervention within Chewaka settlement area, and the current situation at Bikiltu Didessa, where there is no tsetse control activity. A total of 830 cattle, 160 biconical traps and 160 heads of households were used for the cross sectional survey and the Buffy coat, apparent density of tsetse (fly/trap/day) and questionnaire format interview methods were employed to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis, tsetse population density and socioeconomic status of farmers, respectively. The overall tsetse fly density in Chewaka settlement area prior to the control, 13.96 FTD, was dropped by 98.6 % to 0.2 FTD at the end of the control period. The drop in the overall mean FTD was statistically highly significant (P=0.000). The spatial distribution of tsetse had also diminished significantly; tsetse was not trapped at four sites and in the remaining three sites it exists in very low densities ranging from 0.03 to 1.10 FTDs. The mean tsetse fly density in the controlled study area, 0.2 FTD, was significantly lower (P=0.000) than the mean density in the uncontrolled stud area, 2.28 FTD. There was no difference in fly density among the six sites of Chewaka showing the uniformity of the control operation at all sites of the settlement station. The decline in the mean prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in Chewaka from 37.5% (prior to control) to 3.1% (post control) was statistically highly significant (P=0.001). During this period the mean herd PCV had increased significantly (p=0.000) from 19.4% to 26.5 % with a slope of -0.21 and a significant negative linear correlation with prevalence of trypanosomosis (r=-1.000). The prevalence of trypanosomosis in Bikiltu, 15%, was significantly higher (P=0.000) than the prevalence in Chewaka, 3%. Animals in Bikiltu had an OR of 4.935 (2.714-8.976) Positivity as compared to animals in Chewaka implying the chance of positivity for animals in Bikiltu was about five times the chance of positivity for animals in Chewaka. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence of trypanosomosis among the six sites of Chewaka study area and no difference was also observed (P>0.05) OR=0.614 (95%CI 0.373-1.010) among the three age groups, calves, young and adults, and between male and female animals in Bikiltu and Chewaka study areas The mean herd PCV in Chewaka, 26.5% (95% CI =26.1-27), was XI significantly higher (p=0.000) than the mean herd PCV in Bikiltu, 24.4% (23.9-24.8). The mean herd PCV of sites with high prevalence of trypanosomosis in Bikiltu (Chalalaki-1, Chalalaki-2 and Burka) were significantly lower (p<0.05) than sites with low prevalence of the disease (Kolu and Loko). Sixty six percent of the respondents in Chewaka and only 24% of them in Bikiltu sold animals during a year period (Dec.96/Dec.97) and a significant difference (P=0.000) was obtained in animal sell between the two study areas indicating better family income due to animal sell in Chewaka than in Bikiltu. Out of the total respondents 85% (68/80) in Chewaka, and 36% (29/80) in Bikiltu purchased animals during this period and the average number of cattle bought /hh/yr in Chewaka, 1.15 head, was significantly higher (P=0.000) than the average number of cattle bought in Bikiltu, 0.55 head/hh/yr. The chance of cattle and oxen mortality in Bikiltu was 10 and 6 times more likely than in Chewaka (OR= 6.5 and 10.2) and 51% of the total mortality in Bikiltu was attributed to deaths of draught oxen which resulted in significant decline of crop production. During 2005/07, the overall livestock and cattle population in Chewaka had increased by 116% and 1038.9 %, respectively, and expansion of cultivated land by 46.8%/year resulted in growth of grain production by 31.6 %/year. In Bikiltu, the high mortality of cattle despite frequent treatment scheme and the high recurrence of trypanosomosis in recently treated animals suggest the existence of drug resistance problem in the area. It was concluded that the tsetse and trypanosomosis control operation conducted in the newly established Chewaka settlement station had resulted in satisfactory achievements on the prevalence of the disease, density of tsetse fly and livelihood of the human population in the area. Findings of this study are discussed and recommendations forwarded.
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    Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species. From Humans and Cattle in Addis Ababa and its Environs, Ethiopia
    (2017-06) Manyazewal Anberber; Gezahegne Mamo
    Cryptosporidiosis causes significant diarrheal disease in humans and animals worldwide. In this study, conducted during June/2014 to June/2015, cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs were employed to determine the magnitude of Cryptosporidium infection in humans and cattle and to assess its public health significance in Addis Ababa and its surrounding area. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence, characterize species of the parasite and identify risk factors of the infection in humans and dairy cattle in the area. Faecal samples collected from 422 cattle and 300 humans were examined by the Modified Ziehl- Neelsen, PCR-RFLP and sequencing. Data on risk factors of the infection were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire and analysis was made by the SPSS software. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in cattle and humans was 18.6% (95% CI: 14.8–22.5) and 9% (95% CI: 5.5–12.3), respectively. Cryptosporidium andersoni (73.3%) and C. parvum (26.7%) were identified in cattle, whereas C. parvum (81.5%) and C. hominis (18.5%) were detected in humans. In cattle, Cryptosporidium infection was significantly associated with absence of calving pen (OR=2.46, 95% CI: 1.08–5.61), absence of calf bedding (OR=10.55, 95% CI: 4.89–22.66), drinking river/stream water (OR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.5–5.5) and group penning of calves (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.0–7.0). While in humans, the infection showed significant association with drinking stream/well water (OR=3.3, 95% CI: 1.5–7.4) and contact with cattle and their faeces (OR=3.6, 95% CI: 1.4–9.5). Cryptosporidium infection occurred from week 1 to 3 months of age in calves with an overall prevalence of 40% (12/30), and pre-weaned and post-weaned calves were merely infected with C. parvum and C. andersoni, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the C. parvum human isolates belong to the bovine genotype family. In conclusion, the zoonotic C. parvum is prevalent and widely distributed in cattle and humans in the study area, pre-weaned calves are the potential risk group for human infection requiring special management attention to prevent transmission of the infection to humans and lessen contamination of the environment.