Browsing by Author "Lemma, Alemayehu"

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    The Introduction and Expansion of Protestant Christianity in Wondo Genet Woreda and Its Surroundings, 1928-1991
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-10) Lemma, Alemayehu; Wasyihun, Tamrat (PhD)
    The general objective of the research was to construct the history of introduction and expansion of Protestant Christianity in Wondo Genet area in the period from 1948 to 1991. The study mainly focuses on the way Protestant Christianity was introduced in the study area and the local converts and expansion of the religion. In addition, the socio- economic influences of the religion in the area as well as Challenges and persecutions of the adherents of the Churches in the time of the Imperial and Derg regimes. A qualitative methodological approach is employed in eliciting information from different sources on the subject in question. The study relied on primary and secondary sources. Among the primary sources: archival materials, unstructured interview from different group of informants, such as early missionaries, evangelists and local converts, elders, Church leaders, government officials. Magazines, newspapers published and unpublished materials used as a secondary source from library and internet. Finally, the collected sources crossed-checked and analyzed by using content narrating and describing method. Based on the study findings and analysis, the study suggested that in the study area before the introduction of Christianity, most of the people practiced different traditional beliefs. Orthodox Christianity was the first to be introduced in the area in 1896. After the Orthodox Christianity the next Christian Church planted in Wondo Genet was the MekaneYesus Church followed by Kale Hiwot and Hiwot Birhan Churches. During the expansion of Protestantism, Churches faced both internal and external challenges but the challenges did not stop the expansion of Protestantism. Before the introduction of Christianity to the area, there was continuous clan conflict. However, after the spread of the new faith, the People became peace seeker and clan conflict and violence in the area is diminished.
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    Ovarian follicular Dynamics, Superovulatory Response, and In Vivo Embryo Production Potential of Boran (Bos indicus) and Boran *Holstein Cross Cattle in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2016-06) Tamrat Degefa ; Lemma, Alemayehu
    Boran (27) and Boran*Holstein crossbred (26) cows were used to study the characteristics of ovarian follicular dynamics, superovulatory response and embryo production potential. Follicular population and growth, CL number and size were monitored by ultrasonography for 61 days. Ovulation or formation of CL was used as a reference to compute the number of follicular waves and the inter-ovulatory-interval. Serum progesterone was determined every other day by immunoassay. Cows were superovullated with a combination of CIDR implant for 7days and three doses of FSH (300, 250 and 200IU), administered in a divided decreasing morning and afternoon doses over 4 days. Prostaglandin was injected on Day 6 of CIDR implantation. Cows were inseminated twice based on manifestation of standing heat. Time to estrus, duration of estrus, and CL count were used to determine superovulatory response. Embryos were flushed on Day 16/17 by non-surgical closed gravitational method. Recovered embryos/UFOs were evaluated for development stage, and quality grade. Viable embryos at stage 4-7 with quality grade 1-2 were separately loaded on to a 0.25ml straw and stored in liquid nitrogen. Some embryos (~12%) were fresh transferred to synchronized recipients. Frozen embryos were thawed and transferred to warmed slide for post thawing microscopic evaluation. Viability test was performed by culturing embryos in TCM 199 containing 10% BSA at 370C for 24 hours. The overall mean Inter-ovulatory-interval was 19.8±0.21 days and breed difference was not significant. All Boran and 56.2% of the Boran*Holstein crossbred cows had two follicular waves/cycle with a significant (P=0.001) breed difference. The mean Inter-ovulatory-interval for the cows with two and three waves/cycle was 19.48±0.94 and 20.86±2.14 days, respectively. The mean serum P4 level in Boran and Boran*Holstein cross cows were 2.01ηg/ml and 0.88 ηg/ml, respectively, and breed difference was significant (P=0.001). The total CL count was significantly higher (p=0.01) in Boran (10.1CL/cow/cycle) than Boran x Holstein crossbred cows (7.2CL/cow/cycle). A mean number of 4.1 and 2.67embryos‟/cow were flushed from Boran and Boran*Holstein crosses, respectively. The average number of transferable embryos/ cow was 3.8±0.57 and 2.67±0.99 in Boran and Boran*Holstein crosses, respectively. A significantly higher (p= 0.001) number of UFOs were collected from Boran cows (8.17±1.82). In total, 94% of the embryos were at stage 4 while 88.6% of the embryos were quality grade 2. The viability test confirmed development in 24% and 40% of the incubated Boran and Boran*Holstein xvi embryos, respectively. Boran breeds showed a relatively better potential for application of embryo technology in terms of ovarian follicular growth, superovulatory response, and embryo production. The uniformity of waves of follicular growth in each cycle is an additional virtue of the Borans for application of biotechnology tools such as estrous synchronization and superovulation for breed improvement or conservation. Key words: ovarian follicular dynamics, follicular waves, superovulatory response, embryo