Browsing by Author "Kemal, Kiflu"

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    Determinants of Reproductive Health Service Utilization among Youth: The Case of Students in Higher Education Institutions of Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Kemal, Kiflu; Getahun, Chalachew (PhD)
    An integrated and inclusive approach is indispensable to scale up youth utilization of reproductive health services (contraceptive use and voluntary counseling and testing). This requires baseline survey of youth users of reproductive health services by investigate determinants of reproductive health services utilization among youths of the study area. Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among 424 Addis Ababa and Unity University students starting from 12, March 2018 to June 2018, using a multi stage sampling technique. Self administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The collected data was entered using Epi Data soft ware and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Utilization of contraceptive services and voluntary counseling and testing was 47.2% and 66.7% respectively. Females 2.3 times more likely uses contraceptive than males AOR: 2.3, 95% CI (1.062, 5.068), non health department youth 3.1 times more likely uses contraceptive than youth in health department AOR: 3.1, 95% CI (1.294, 7.216). As class year increases students awareness also increases as a result contraceptive utilization also increases year five youth 4.1 times more likely uses contraceptive than year one AOR: 4.1, 95% CI (0.83, 20.400). The more they have money regularly in their pocket, then the more they use contraceptive easily than those who had not; 94% less uses than those who have with AOR:, 0.06, 95% CI (0.05, 0.872); class year of students had an association with voluntary counseling and testing service utilization of youth in the study area negatively year five and above youth 13% less uses voluntary counseling and testing than year one with AOR: 0.87, 95% CI (0.224, 3.356); head of house hold of the respondents being both father and mother was 1.25 times more likely to uses voluntary counseling and testing than other with AOR: 1.25, 95% CI (0.623, 2.508). Attitudes of reproductive health service providers leangth of time and convenient time preferred by youth were some of the additional determinants which found to have an association with reproductive health service utilization among students of the study area; So ministry of health, other government organizations, non government organizations who work on reproductive health issues and higher education institutions have to lend a hand each other in order to minimize the reproductive health risks faced by youth. Keywords: Reproductive health, contraceptive use, voluntary counseling and testing, Higher education institutions
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    Interior and Exterior Penalty Methods to Solve Nonlinear Optimization Problems
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Kemal, Kiflu; Guta ), Berhanu (PhD)
    The methods that we describe presently, attempt to approximate a constrained optimiza- tion problem with an unconstrained one and then apply standard search techniques such as exterior penalty function method and interior penalty method to obtain solutions. The approximation is accomplished in the case of exterior penalty methods by adding a term to the objective function that prescribes a high cost for violation of the constraints. In the case of interior penalty function methods, a term is added that favors points in the interior of the feasible region over those near the boundary. For a problem with n variables and m constraints, both approaches work directly in the n-dimensional space of the variables. The discussion that follows emphasizes exterior penalty methods recognizing that interior penalty function methods embody the same principles. Keywords: Constrained optimization, unconstrained optimization, Exterior penalty,Interior penalty(barrier) methods,Penalty Parameter,Penalty function, Penalty Term,Auxiliary func- tion,non linear programming.