Browsing by Author "Kebede, Tadesse"

Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Indirect Hem agglutination Assay For Diagnostic and Epidemiological Studies of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2005-06) Kebede, Tadesse; Hailu, Asrat (Professor)
    Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is potentially a fatal disease that is caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the L. donovani spp. To date, there has been no reliable diagnostic test for active infection of VL. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a simple, rapid, and reliable diagnostic test with high sensitivity and specificity for clinical practice and VL control. To determine the diagnostic and sero-epidemiological screening performance of Indirect Hemagglutination, serum samples were obtained from endemic areas of Ethiopia and evaluated using antigens prepared from an isolate of L. donovani (MHOM/SD/68/1S) promastigote stage. Serum samples of 77 suspected VL and 51 controls for diagnostic; and for epidemiological study 1217 samples involving 57 VL suspected, and 1085 samples including 132 samples from previously treated VL patients were tested by IHA at various cut-off titers, DAT, and FAST. Spleen and/or lymph node aspiration with subsequent smear and/or culture test confirmed the presence of parasite in 37 and 19 individuals in diagnostic and epidemiological study subjects, respectively. IHA test performed for comparison was able to detect anti-leishmanial antibodies in 94.6% and 100% of the confirmed cases of VL (at 1:64 cut-off titer) in diagnostic and epidemiological study subjects, respectively. Among 1085 sera, IHA (at 1:64 cut-off titer) test was positive in 10.6% of previously untreated asymptomatic individuals. Whereas out of 132 previously treated VL patients, 72% were found to be IHA positive at 1:64 dilutions. IHA at cut-off titers 1:64 and 1:128 showed a sensitivity of 94.5% and 86.5%, a specificity of 60% and 77.5% respectively in the diagnostic study and a sensitivity of 100% and 100%, specificity of 33.3% and 50% in the epidemiological study. The result showed IHA to be sensitive, rapid, and simple test for thediagnosis and epidemiological screening of visceral leishmaniasis. Further evaluation of IHA test should be conducted with careful use of the gold standard. Keywords: Indirect Hemagglutination test; Visceral Leishmaniasis; Ethiopia; seroepidemiology
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Trends and Practices of Public Environmental Expenditure in Ethiopia Trend Analysis
    (AAU, 2014-06) Kebede, Tadesse; Bedri, Abdulhamid PhD
    One a/the pillars a/greening the economy is the increase of public expenditures in activities that are associated to sustainable development. Even though environmental protection is not the only concern for a "green" economy, it can only make sense if there is an improvement of the ejforts in the public sector associated with environmental protection. It is unquestionable that public fili1ding remains crucial for addressing environmental problems and, more broadly, promoting a greener model of development in Ethiopia. The main objective of the study was to understand the trends of public expenditure in environment and to obtain critical information for streamlining and strengthening i ilture investments in environmental programs, project and act ivities. Public environment expenditures covered in this report are those related to the prevention, control, abatement, or elimination of environmental pollution by general government,' both federal and state government. The techniques used for primary data collection are key informant interview and focus group discussion. As many literatures indicate public spending on environmental protection is ojien a small ,Faction of total government budget in many developing countries. Accordingly this thesis analyses Ethiopian spending on environmental protection including bothfederal and state levels, in the 2002103-2012113 period. The descriptive part of the analysis showed in aggregate terms, public environmental expenditures have increased from about ETB 1136.47 million in 2002103 to about ETB 15,230.54 million in 2012113. The times series data analysis results confirmed previous studies that suggested an increasing trend of public environmental expenditures in absolute value, whereas in percentage terms it is highly fluctuat ed on environmental expenditures at both the federal level and the state level. The environmental sector in the country has been very effective in attracting domestic public financing, especially after Rio convention in J 992. Finally, through fixed effect model the elasticity of expenditure with respect to income (GDP) is found to be 0.6, and is sign(ficant in explaining the downward slope of the environmental Kuznets curve. The findings of the study can playing a major role in providing information to governments, researchers and other stakeholders on the status 0/ environment and natural resources related spend and initiatives undertaken in a country
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Trends and Practices of Public Environmental Expenditure in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Kebede, Tadesse; Bedri, Abdulhamid (PhD)
    One of the pillars of greening the economy is the increase of public expenditures in activities that are associated to sustainable development. Even though environmental protection is not the only concern for a "green " economy, it can only make sense if there is an improvement of the efforts in the public sector associated with environmental protection. It is unquestionable that public ftll1ding remains crucial for addressing environmental problems and, more broadly, promoting a greener model of development in Ethiopia. The main objective of the study was to understand the trends of public expenditure in en vironment and to obtain critical information for streamlining and strengtheningfllture investments in environmental programs, project and activities. Public environment expenditures covered in this report are those related to the prevention, control, abatement, or elimination of environmental pollution by general government; both federal and state government. The techniques used for primary data collection are key informant interview and focus group discussion. As many literatures indicate public spending on environmental protection is often a small ji-action of total government budget in many developing countries. Accordingly this thesis analyses Ethiupian spending on environmental protect ian including both federal and state levels, in the 2002103-20121/3 period. The descriptive part of the analysis showed in aggregate terms, public environmental expenditures have increased Fom about ETE 1136.47 million in 2002103 to about ETE 15,230.54 million in 2012113. The times series data analysis results confirmed previous studies that suggested an increasing trend of public environmental expenditures in absolute value, whereas in percentage terms it is highly fluctuated on environmental expenditures at both the federal level and the state level. The environmental sector in the country has been very effective in atlracting domestic public financing, especially afier Rio convention in 1992. Finally, through fixed effect model the elasticity of expenditure with respect to income (GDP) is found to be 0.6, and is significant in explaining the downward slope of the environmental Kuznets curve. The findings of the study can playing a major role in providing information to governments, researchers and other stakeholders on the status of environment and natural resources related spend and initiatives undertaken in a counlly. KEY WORDS: Green economy, Public environment expenditure, fixed effect model.
  • No Thumbnail Available
    Item
    Vibration Characteristics of Buildings in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 1999-06) Kebede, Tadesse; Halle, Messele (PhD)
    Dynamic loading acting on structural systems may result from several sources such as wind and vehicular motions, etc. The type of dynamic input, which is of greatest importance to the structural engineer undoubtedly is the one that is induced by earthquakes. Buildings constructed in Seismic Zones are subjected to earthquake ground motion in addition to other types of loads. If one tries to generate response spectrum curves of a structure for different recorded ground motions, large variations will be obseIVed in both the response spectral values and the shape of the spectrum curves. These variations depend on many factors, such as magnitude, source, and variation in geological formation along the path, local site condition and the nature of the building. The recent trend of increasing height and scale of building structures accelerated the research and investigation activities in the area of Earthquake Engineering, with the aim to get rational and safe earthquake resistant design criteria. Consequently, one n of the current problems in evaluating earthquake response of a building is how 1D find out period of vibration of a building. Recent developments in the techniques for measuring period of vibration of building have permitted us 1D obtain important experimental information reganling the dynamic behavior of a building during earthquakes. The fundamental period of buildings can be obtained by one of the following methods: - 1) Microtremor measurements: here ambient building vibrations are measured by using microtremors. These ambient VIbrations called microtremors operate at a very low strain level. Properly interpreted, microtremors give the fundamental period of vibration of the building. 2) Code Method -or-Equivalent Static Analysis: this gives an approximate formula that can be used to determine the first mode period of a building. 3) Dynamic Analysis: is a sophisticated level of analysis available for finding period of vibration of buildings, that employs Dynamic Time-History Analysis or Response Spectral Analysis. III The comparison of experimental results with the results obtained by empirical formulas and dynaJnic analysis will facilitate the engineers' understanding of the an a lysis and design of building structures subject to dyn amic loading. In the "Introduction", the background and the purpose of this study are described. In the second chapter Period of vibration of selected buildings are determined by u s ing Microtremor. In the third chapter Period of vibration of buildings a re determined by using the Code Method. In the fourth ch apter periods of buildings are determined by using Dynamic Analysis. In the fifth chapter Comparison of results obtained by Microtremor, CodeMethod and Dynamic Analysis are done. In the last chapter, Conclusion was made ba sed on the results obtained.