Browsing by Author "Kebede, Nigatu(PhD)"

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    In Vitro and in Vivo Antitrypanosomal Effects of E. Kebericho Roots and S. anguivi fruits Against Trypanosoma Congolense
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-10) Abdeta, Debela; Mequanente, Solomon(PhD); Giday, Miruste(PhD); Kebede, Nigatu(PhD)
    Introduction: Trypanosomiasis is one of the world’s most serious infectious diseases caused by Trypanosoma parasites. An increased drug resistance to conventional anti-trypanosomal drugs, increasing resistance of mosquito vectors to insecticides, challenge of having effective vaccines and adverse effects of the existing anti- trypanosomal drugs justifies the urgent need for more effective, tolerable and affordable drugs. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the in vitro and in vivo antitrypanosomal effect of hydromethanolic extract of E. kebericho roots and S. anguivi fruits against field isolate of T. congolense. Methods: The 80% methanol extracts of E. kebericho roots and S. anguivi fruits were prepared by cold maceration technique. In vitro, blood incubation infectivity test, curative and prophylaxis tests were done to check the effect of the plant extracts against T. congolense in Swiss albino mice. Extracts were administered at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg for curative and prophylaxis test while 1mg/ml, 2mg/ml and 4mg/ml concentration of the extract were used for in vitro and blood incubation infectivity test. Acute toxicity of the extracts at 2000mg/kg was performed according to OECD guide lines. Data obtained from the experiment was analyzed using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: The present study indicated that the extracts did not exhibit any signs of acute toxicity up to the dose of 2000mg/kg. The hydromethanolic extracts of E. kebericho roots and S. anguivi fruits affected motility at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4mg/ml in in vitro tests, and the entire tested group did not develop infection in mice inoculated with infected blood incubated with concentrations of the above extracts. In the prophylactic studies, groups provided with the hydromethanolic extracts before infection got prolonged incubation period with little chemoprophylactic effect at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. In curative test, the extracts reduced parasitemia, prevented drop in packed cell volume and body weight significantly (p<0.05), as compared to control. In in vivo models, the extracts did not prevent rectal temperature fluctuation. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, triterpines, steroids, saponins, glycosides, tannins and alkaloids. Conclusion: The extracts showed in vitro effect and a promising curative and prophylactic activities. Further effort is required to isolate and purify specific compounds responsible for the antitrypanosomal activity of the studied plants. Key words: Echinops kebericho, Solanum anguivi, trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma congolense
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    Isolation of Salmonella Species among Apparently Healthy Food handlers of Addis Ababa University Students’ Cafeteria, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Getnet, Fentabil; Gebre-Selassie, Solomon(PhD); Kebede, Nigatu(PhD)
    Background: Food is an important vehicle for spread infectious agents causing disease resulting appreciable morbidity and mortality. Food handlers play an important role in ensuring food safety. However, in developing countries like Ethiopia the proportion of certified food handlers and their carrier status is not well studied. Salmonellosis is one of such diseases that can be transmitted from chronic asymptomatic salmonella carriers especially the food handlers. Objective: To isolate the Salmonella species among food handlers of Addis Ababa university students’ cafeteria, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to isolate Salmonella among food handlers of AAU students’ cafeteria, from December 2010 to February 2011. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data & predisposing factors. Stool samples collected from 233 food handlers were put in selenite cystine broth for Salmonella enrichment, and then cultured on macConkey & XLD for primary culture and purification. The isolate were identified by biochemical tests and drug susceptibility tests were done. All components of data were entered using EPI-INFO 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 16 computer software. Fisher’s exact test was applied and p-value of less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Eight Salmonella species were isolated among 233 foodhandlers giving an isolation rate of 3.4%, all were females. Of these; two S.typhi, one S.paratyphi A and five unidentified Salmonella species were isolated. Among the risk factors associated with salmonellosis, hand washing habit after toilet with or without soap had a statistically significant association with isolation of Salmonellae, p = 0.003 (OD= 0.07, 95% CI= 0.008–0.58). The antimicrobial susceptibility profile showed all except one were resistant to Ampicillin and all isolates were resistant at least to one of antimicrobials tested. Conclusion: A 3.4% isolation rate of Salmonella species was obtained and all isolates were resistant at least to one of antimicrobials tested. Accordingly, foodhandlers could be a source of salmonellosis unless carriers treated after periodic screening and other preventive measures taken. Antimicrobial resistance profile also reflects it would be a serious problem in near future. Key words: Antimicrobial, Cross sectional study, Foodhandler, Isolate, Salmonella