Browsing by Author "Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)"

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    An Assessment of Causes and Consequences of Commercial Sex Work in Adama City, Oromia National Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-08) Bekele, Worknesh; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    The situation of most of the people in the developing countries is worse due to extreme poverty for majority of men and women. The situation is however worst for women. As employment oppOltunities are very limited for women with no or lim ited skills, a number of women are engaged in commercial sex work as a ways of survival. On the other hand we live in an era of where HIV/AIDs has become the threat of not on ly health but also development of economy of a country .. Thus, th is situation draws attention to further research to take the necessary action. This study was made with the objective of assessing the situation and problems of commercial sex workers in Adama city and to identify some socio-economic and socio-cultural factors that lead women to involve in commercial sex work; and to identify challenges that women face in the life of sex business. To this end, the study uti lized both qualitative and quantitative method. In the qualitative method in-depth interv iews and focus group discussions were employed, while the cross-sectional survey method was applied to collect quantitative data. In in-depth interviews 13 volunteer commercial sex workers were participated, whi le four focus group discussions consists 6-8 members each were conducted. In addition, a total of 300 women were asked to report on the background, reasons to join commercial sex work, the challenges they have even faced, etc, to generate quantitative data. The study revealed a number of causes that lead women to commercial sex work. These include unemployment, economic need, the urge to support fami ly, parental death, divorce, peer initiation and abduction. But, in general the outstanding case that women forced to join sex business is economic problem that they face in their life. A number of women/girls enter to the busi ness due to the absence of other job. Factors such as having a better life through commercial sex work; better payment to be financially guaranteed is the major causes to the invo lvement of women in the commercial sel( work. The result of this research also indicated that a number of women who are involved in the sex business are exposed to tremendous challenge; such us phys ical, sexual, psychological, and social stigma. They are also exposed to different sexually transmitted diseases including HIV / AIDS. These women are found to be suffering from hitting, beating, and body injury by their clients. They also face sexual abuse in their daily life. They are also subjected to sever painful sexual intercourse including abnormal (anal and oral) sex which affects their health. In general, women in this business are denied their human rights. Women who are involved in commercial sex work are also victims of soc ial stigma. They are isolated, neglected and discriminated by the society in general. The negative attitude of the society towards commercial sex workers made them to be iso lated from social interaction they have with their famil ies, re latives, neighbors and friends . It is concluded that the necessary effOlts should be done by the government, non-governmental organizations and civic societies like women's and youth associations to eliminate the challenges of commercial sex workers.
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    Causes and Consequences of Early Marriage among Selale Oromo Women: The Case Study of Hidabu Abote and Kuyu Woredas, North Shewa Zone, Oromia National Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Hundie, Amsalu; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    Early marriage is a deep rooted and tradition based practice in major parts of Ethiopia. Women are victims of early marriage as holding family responsibilities before they get matured physically and psychologically represses their participation in social and economic development of activities of the nation. The main objective of this study is to investigate the causes and consequences of early marriage among Selale Oromo women residing in the North Shewa Zone of Oromia Regional National State. A survey was conducted in two randomly selected woredas; namely Hidabu Abote and Kuyu to collect qualitative and quantitative information on causes and consequences of early marriage. Statistical data were collected by employing structured questionnaires to measure the magnitude of the early marriage practices, while in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were held to gather detailed information that help to investigate the root causes and consequences of early marriage. Findings of the study reveal that early marriage is widely practiced in the study communities due to economic motives derived from parents and close relatives, societal influences and cultural impacts. The economic motives behind early marriage includes parent’s desire to strengthen economic ties with in-laws, to get betrothal gifts from the bride groom’s family, to improve the economic conditions/vulnerability of the family and parent’s desire to secure their children’s future before they pass away. Societal influence, on the other hand, deals with the urge of parents to establish or strengthen kin relationship, to avoid loss of virginity and clear of stigma of ‘haaftuu’. Cultural impacts that promote conformity of the age old tradition, fear of traditional belief of the Oromo known as ‘Caacuu and Kallacha’ and elder’s pervasiveness are also identified as one of the factors promoting early marriage. More importantly, marital disruption, problems related with sexuality, reproductive health and child delivery, perpetuation of poverty among victims of early marriage and lack of educational opportunity are also documented as consequences of early marriage. The study concludes that problems associated with early marriage are pertinent issue of girls/women in the study area, as the practice that is supported by social norms and customs goes against their right. To overcome such a problem, findings of the study call for strong campaign to enhance the legal literacy of women, community leaders and gender activists; putting pressure on legal enforcing bodies to fight against such harmful traditional practices, and formulating net working with different government, non-government and civil societies that work on gender issues
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    Causes and Consequences of Irregular Migration of Young Adults from Southern Ethiopia to the Republic of South Africa: The Case of Kambata-Tembaro and Hadiya Zones
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Desta, Teshome; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    This study investigates the socia-economic and demographic causes and consequences of irregular migration of young adults/rom southern Elh iopia down to the Republic a/Sollth Aji-ica. It is a cross-sectional study based on sample survey of 690 households with 658 eligible young adults aged 15 10 54 years belonging 10 three migrant categories in relation to migration status of South Africa, namely out migrants (226), return migrants (193) and non-migrants (239). The study is conducted in four randomly selected woredas and then households from two zones of the SNNPR-KembataTembaro and Hadiya- befween February to May, 2010. Data sources include questionnaire, key informant interviews, focused group discussions as well as administrative records both af local and national levels. The dala are analyzed using description, hi-variate and multi-variate slalislical techniques. Logistic regress ion model is also employed in assessing (he relationship between migration status and age, sex, marital stalus, education, employment, occupation and income, residence, birth order, ethnicity and religion. The major findings of Ihis sfudy are: [he irregular migration down to RSA is enormously dominated by lIlales (over 80%) and adults of age between 20-34 (57%). It is also fo und that the majority of migrants ' childhood residence is rural (73%) and 28% of the sampled migrants are first born child. Moreover, the study showed the presence of non-linear relationship between household size and migration status. Highest percentages of migrants (95%) are literate and this is dominated by those having secondGlY education. It is also found that the movement of young adults from southern Ethiopia to RSA is facilitated by a network of human smugglers found in Addis Ababa, Hossana, Dilla and Nairobi. The main cause for the irregular movement of adults is found 10 be nol absolute but relative poverty and 44% of them left their homeland for reasons of perceived better opportunilies in RSA, and only 8.5% o/the ciled poverty as llie main cause. The multivariate analysis showed that sex, age, education slallls and birth order having Significant impacl on the youth to migrate or nol while household s ize. place of childhood residence, zone, marital and employment slatus as well as religion found to have no significant impact. As to the consequences, th e study showed that most of return migrants (58%) are unemployed before th eir movements to RSA bill now over 92% of them are employed. The study also showed that the majority of returnees are earning high income now than before. and also more than [har of non-migrants. On the other hand, highest proportions of smuggled migrants reporled that their journeys were harsh with unexpected negative consequences. They also noted of robbery and theft while they were in RSA. The study concludes by suggesting some p olicy recommendations for intervention in handling the irregular movement of youth as \Veil as the need for detailed research. Key Words: Youth, Migratiou, Smuggling, Hossana, Opportunities, RSA
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    Demographic and Socio-economic Determinants of Youth Unemployment in Debere Birhan Town, North Showa c Zone, Amhara National Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Abera, Asalfew; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    A high level of youth unemployment is one of the critical socio-economic problems facing Ethiopia. The intensity of the problem is high in urban areas in general, Debere Birhan in particular where youth face serious difficulty in getting employment. Various stud ies indicate the level of youth unemployment in Debere Birhan. However, little is known about the factors exacerbating youth unemployment in the study area. In light of this problem, this study is conducted with an objective of assessing the demographic and socio-economic determinants of youth unemployment. Primary data collected from 600 youths randomly selected from the three kebeles of Debere Birhan town, North Showa Zone, Amhara National Regional State, are used for the study. Simple frequenc ies, cross tabulation and binary logi stic regression model were used to analyze the data. Among all the respondents, 39.7 percent were found unemployed, while 60.3 percent were employed at the time of the study. The bi variate ana lysis showed that females and migrants were found unemployed. Youth who had secondary and below educational level, weak social network, inaccessible to business advisory services, and those who prefer paid employment were also found unemployed in the tOWll. The multivariate analysis showed that sex, migration, education, social network, job preferences and access to business advisory services significantly determine youth unemployment in Debere Birhan town. Household income, father education, and marital status were found insignificantly related to youth unemployment. Based on the findings of the study: encourage youth to improve their education, empower females and increase their participation, encourage youth to increase their social networks, address the problem of migrants, and improve youth attitudes towards jobs in the formal sectors were suggested as recommendations. Key Words: Youth, Employed, Unemployed.
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    Determinants of Breastfeeding in Amhara Region
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Sidelel, Abate; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    Background: Exclusive breasrjeeding up to 6 month after birth and optimum breasrjeeding with appropriate complement(ny food from 6'" to 24'" month and beyond is vital for children healthy development and growth. Breasrjeeding is a common practice in Ethiopia as a whole and in Amhara region in particular. However, there are different obstacles regarding different breasrjeeding practices. Objecti ve~ : This study is aimed at assessing different breastjeeding practices and investigating the key determinan ts of breastjeeding in Amhara region on children thm were born in two years preceding the 20 II Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Method' Raw data which were collected in 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey by administering stratified two stages (Enumeration Area and household) cluster sampling method were nsed to study different breastjeeding practices and key determinants of breastjeeding Result: Ti,e prevalence of e-.;clusive breasrjeeding was 71.6%. Continued breasrjeeding '1/ one year and at two years were 98.8% and 90.5% respectively. The median duration for any breasrjeeding, exclusive breasrjeeding and predominant breastjeeding lVere 32.7, 4.6 and 7.4 months respectively. Child age, child size at birth and person lVho usn ally decides on respondents ' health care for exclusive breastjeeding; child size ([{ birth, Cltrrent marital status and 1II0thers occupation appear to be determinant early breasrjeeding initiation whilst child sex, mothers ' age and untrained traditional birth attendant tend to influence pre-lacteal f eeding practices. Conclusion: A range of socia-economic and demographic characteristics are found to affect breastjeeding Educating parents (i.e both mothers and fath ers of children) and ellfering breastjeeding education 10 the school system are recommended to achieve Sltccessful child f eeding practice.
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    Determinants of Breastfeeding in Amhara Region
    (Addis Ababa University, 2014-06) Sidelel, Abate; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    Background: Exclusive breasrjeeding up to 6 month after birth and optimum breasrjeeding with appropriate complement(ny food from 6'" to 24'" month and beyond is vital for children healthy development and growth. Breasrjeeding is a common practice in Ethiopia as a whole and in Amhara region in particular. However, there are different obstacles regarding different breasrjeeding practices. Objecti ve~ : This study is aimed at assessing different breastjeeding practices and investigating the key determinan ts of breastjeeding in Amhara region on children thm were born in two years preceding the 20 II Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Method' Raw data which were collected in 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey by administering stratified two stages (Enumeration Area and household) cluster sampling method were nsed to study different breastjeeding practices and key determinants of breastjeeding Result: Ti,e prevalence of e-.;clusive breasrjeeding was 71.6%. Continued breasrjeeding '1/ one year and at two years were 98.8% and 90.5% respectively. The median duration for any breasrjeeding, exclusive breasrjeeding and predominant breastjeeding lVere 32.7, 4.6 and 7.4 months respectively. Child age, child size at birth and person lVho usn ally decides on respondents ' health care for exclusive breastjeeding; child size ([{ birth, Cltrrent marital status and 1II0thers occupation appear to be determinant early breasrjeeding initiation whilst child sex, mothers ' age and untrained traditional birth attendant tend to influence pre-lacteal f eeding practices. Conclusion: A range of socia-economic and demographic characteristics are found to affect breastjeeding Educating parents (i.e both mothers and fath ers of children) and ellfering breastjeeding education 10 the school system are recommended to achieve Sltccessful child f eeding practice.
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    Determinants of Fertility Preferences among Currently Married Women in Oromia Region, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-06) Bulto, Fufa; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    Fertility preference, for this study, is the intention of women for desire of women for more children, the preferred waiting time to the next birth and the ideal number of children. Fertility preference studies are significant as the actual fertility depends mostly on women`s preferences of fertility. However, there is limited study conducted about fertility preferences in Ethiopia so far. As a result this study is necessitated to be conducted. The objective of the study to explore factors that affect the women`s desire for more children, preferred waiting time to the next birth and the ideal number of children. Binary logistic regression model was fitted for all the three dependent variables against the selected variables of socio-economic, cultural, demographic, geographic, contraceptive and standardized decision making index. Controlling for the effect of others, according to the result obtained from logistic regression model, ethnicity, current age of women, current contraceptive use, number of living daughter and number of living son were found to have statistically significant effect on the preferred birth interval. Moreover, these variables also had associations with the desire for more children except ethnicity. Religion had also statistically significant association with the desire for more children. Standardized decision making index, education, number of living daughter, religion and place of residence were found to have significant effect on the ideal number of children. Factors which were found to have statistically significant effect on each dependent variable needs to receive attentions by concerned bodies to make women to prefer fertility reasonably. Keywords: birth, children, desire, fertility, ideal, preference, Oromia, women
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    Factors Affecting Fertility of Currently Married Women in Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa, With Special Emphasis on Migration Status
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Bekele, Nebiyou; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    The fertility levels of the two cities (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) are among the lowest in the country. However the low fertility rates are not the result of a decline in the number of births rather it is due to the presence of large number of women out of marital union. As a result the marital fertility rates are much higher than the fertility levels of the total women. This paper, therefore, uses the data from the 2005 Demographic and Health Survey of Ethiopia to identify the factors that affect the marital fertility of women in the two major cities of the country. Since the two cities have large number of migrants, the study gives special emphasis to the effect of migration status on fertility. The women whose previous place of residence is out of the two cities are classified as migrants whereas those who never changed their residence since birth are treated as nonmigrants. Women who are married and are in marital union at the time of the survey are the unit of analysis. A total of 757 women of which 515 are migrants and the remaining 242 are natives are included in the analysis. The study applies descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistical methods. In the bivariate analysis one-way ANOVA is applied to test the presence of significant differences in mean CES among the sub-groups of independent variables. The ANOVA tests indicate that the difference in fertility among the sub-groups of religion, ethnicity, education, number of times married, age at .first marriage and variables related to migration status are significant. On the other hand the contraceptive use, work status and place of residence are not found to be responsible for the fertility variation of the target population. The multivariate finding of the study illustrates that age at first marriage is the strongest factor in causing fertility variation among the sampled women. Education, contraceptive use, religion and ethnicity are other important factors that affect fertility of the respondents. The multivariate result also shows that fertility of the target population does not differ by region and migration related variables.
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    The Impact of Distance on Accessing Antenatal Care Services: The Case of Dendi Wereda, West Shoa Zone
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Bireda, Hibret; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    This study is an attempt to examine the impact of distance on accessing antenatal care services in Dendi Wereda of west Shoa Zone. From the point that, Public health planners should be provided evidence to decide whether the maternity units are fairly distributed or not, this research, demonstrated how a Geographical Information System (GIS) can be used to provide information on distance to the closest maternity unit and determine whether distance really matter in accessing the services. The distributions of health facilities are mapped and localities and population groups that appear under-serviced are highlighted. Consequently, in order to achieve the objectives of this study, an attempt was made to collect data through questionnaire surveys of 806 households located at various distances from the available facilities. Descriptive statistics, Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to explore the relative importance of a number of physical, demographic and socia economic Variables in the likelihood of using these services. The study found that about 78.7percent of women had not attended antenatal care services for their recent child in the last five years. Moreover, out of the total users, only 21.1 percent of women hadfour and abovefour visits. Resultsfrom multivariate analysis indicated that there is a statistically significant variation in the use of antenatal care services as distance increases. Similarly, there was a significant variation in the use of the service with an increase in literacy level and woman decision making power. Therefore, the current endeavor by the government to narrow the gap in accessing ANC services by locating facilities within a ten kilometer radius should be strengthened. Parents should also be aware of the benefits of female education on the change of health status of the future mothers.
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    Levels, Trends and Differentials of Adolescent Motherhood in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-06) Dejene, Tariku; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    COlltext: Adolescelll childbearing has undesirable cOllsequences. In sub Saharan A/heel, among other things, dropping out of school, high infant and maternal mortality and morbidity are the most noted consequences of adolescent childbearing. The ultimate goal of this study is to analyze the levels, trends and differentials of adolescent childbearing or motherhood in Ethiopia. Method: This study is carried out using quantitative data obtainedfi'om the 2005 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. A multilevel logistic regression is fit to analyze the determinants of adolescent childbearing using the MLwiN 2.02 software designed for this purpose. Qualitative data were also collected to facilitate the interpretation of results of the analysis o.lthe quantitative data. Result: Adolescent motherhood in Ethiopia has shown a generally declining trend over time. The decline, according to the results of this study, was more marked in the periodfollowing the adoption o.f the population policy. As was expected, the level of adolescent motherhood was lower in urban areas and women who have a secondary and above education. The effect ol marital status and sexual experience on teenage motherhood was positive and significant. 711e levels of early marriage and early debut into sexual activity have declined over time. The decline in the percentage o.f early marriage and early sexual debut are mainly allributed. among otherfactors, to the increase in education of women. The risk o.f adolescent motherhood is higher among women who were not working and agricultural worker women. COllcll/sion: in conclusion, modernization, especially as measured by a secondary and above level of educational allainment, reduces the chances of adolescent motherhood among women. Moreover, women not working, women working in agricultural sector and women residing in rural areas should be given priority in all actions designed to minimize the risk o.l adolescent motherhood.
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    Parental Characteristics and Female Adolescent Sexual Behavior in Addis Ababa: The Case of Bole and Medhanialem high Schools
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Tesfay, Simret; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    The study tried to examine how parental attributes influence female a dolescents' sexual activity. The data was collected from female students in the age group 14-19 years of Bole and Medhanialem high schools in Addis Ababa using cross sectional study. A total sample size was 800 students selected by employing multistage random cluster sampling method. The data was entered and a nalyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistic used to describe the respondents' and their pa rents' characteristics. Binary logistic regression model was used to establish relationship between the female adolescents' sexual behavior and their parents' characteristics. The study revealed that 12.6 % of the students have reported to start sexual intercourse. Age at first sex reported 55.4% started at middle adolescence (l4-15) and the rest 44.6% at late adolescence (16-19). Around 3 1 % of sexually active girls had multi-sexual partners. Greater proportion of the students (76.2%) had involved into sexual intercourse willingly. Among the respondents 727 (90.9%) have better while 73(9.1 %) poor knowledge pertaining to HIV / AIDS. Although, 74.0% of the students have sufficient knowledge about contraceptive methods, 62.5% of the sexually active students did not use contraceptive during their first sexual intercourse. The finding of multivariate analysis point out parental religiosity, mothers' education, parental income and parent adolescent communication about sexual issues have significant influence on a dolescents' sexual behavior. It is concluded that high school students are involving in to risky sexual activities. As they are in the age to be under parent's guidance, parents have the responsibility to instruct their children sexual beh avior. Hence it is important to design programs that will empower parents with the skills to shape their children's reproductive health matters would be promoted in the study area.
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    Socio-economic and Demographic Determinants of Female First Marital Dissolution in Addis Ababa: The Case of Yeka Sub City
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Tilahun, Etsehiwot; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    Marital life dissolution has important and direct effect on the well being of the family at the individual or societal level. But studies on marital dissolution with its causative factors especially due to family migration are rare and scarce in our cauntry. The present study attempts to explore the basic demographic and socio- economic determinants of female first marital dissolution in Addis Ababa, the case of Yeka sub-city, using primary data. A total of 600 women were interviewed using structured questionnaire. And an in-depth interview was done with selected key informants. Among surveyed women 61.3 percent of the families were migrants within first marriage. Concerning the result, the bi-variate analysis indica tes the significant association of migration status of the family, age at first marriage and some socioeconomic characteristics of respondents with marital dissolution. Moreover migration status of the family, number of migration, stream of migration within first marriage and the place where the family live at the start of first marriage are among the variables which showed a significant difference between the dichotomous groups. On the other hand, the result of logistic regressian analysis showed that first marital dissolution would be higher among migrants than non migrant families and as the number of migration within first marriage increases marital dissolution would increase. Moreover families who live in rural area after the time of first marriage have a higher risk of marital dissolution than those who lived in urban area. Accardingly, based on this result the researcher recommend to study further on the causes and cansequences of family migration in relation to marital dissolution.
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    Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of First Marital Disruption among Women in Arada Sub-City, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-07) Ashenafi, Wondimye; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    The Study focuses on the socio- economic and demographic determinants of first marital di sruption among women in Arada Sub-C ity. The study is initiated with the objective of identifying the major divorce or separa tion causes and critica lly exam ining the soc io-economic and demographic variables in the variation of these contributory facto rs. It is hypothesized that marital di sru ption would be higher for marriage perfo rmed at early age and at lower education level, for couples with no children , for marriage entered with out one's consent and for early duration of marriage. The study used ma inly primary data generated through conducting a household sample survey with structured questionnaire to collect the required information. An in-depth interview was also used to substanti ate and cross check the information obtained from the structu red questionnaire. The units of analysis for this study are ever-married women (excluding widowed for first marriage) who are residing in Arada Sub City, Add is Ababa. The sampling procedure followed a multistage sampling tech nique in which selected Kebeles were divided in to the manageable enumeration areas so that household listing would be made in order to identity the target population. The dependent variab le (fi rst marriage in stab ility) is composed of categories of marriage disruptions due to divorce or separation and the comparative categories of intact marriage. Some of the methods of ana lys is that were used in thi s study include uni-variate, bivariate and multi-variate techniques of logistic regression analysis. The results of logi stic regression analysis revealed that early age at first marriage has a significant and negative relationship with first marriage disruption. Duration of first marriage also showed inverse relationship with the chance of marital disruption. The probability of marital disr uption is higher for early durations than the late durations of marriages. Working women were high ly related to the odds of being divorced or separated than the non-working one. Marriage made by own choice and consent reduced the odds of marriage disruption as compared to arranged marriages. The ed ucation level had a signi fica nt and negative re lationship with the chance of marital disruption. It is recommended that governmental and other concerned bodies des ign methods through which the most significant variables that highly determine the stability of first marriage will be brought to atte ntion and thus the impact of marital di sruption would be lessened in the fa mily and in the society at large.
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    Socio-Economic and Demograpi-Iic Determinants of Maternal Health Care Service Utilization in Boloso Sore Woreda, Wolait A Zone of Snnpr, Eti-Iiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2012-06) Asrat, Woldesenbet; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    Each year, more than 358,000 women worldwide die from childbirth related complications. Utilization of maternal health care services could save some of the unnecessary severe complications and death among women during pregnancy, delivery and after child birth. Numerous factors contributed to maternal mortality such as characteristics of the women and the husband in which she is living, the type of illness that she encounters as well as effectiveness of the health care system available in the surrounding. The purpose of thi s study is to investi gate the social, economic and demographic factors that affect women's use of maternal health care services in Bolososore woreda, Wolaita zone of SNNPR. The survey was cross-sectional in des ign and conducted from January 20 to February 5, 201 2. A total of 633 women aged 15-49 who have had at least one live birth in the five years preceding the survey were selected using systematic random sampling. Bivariate and multivariate analytical techniques are used assess the relationship between social, economic and demographic factors and the maternal health care service utilization. The result of the study showed that about 59%, 93% and 81 % of women did not receive antenatal care (ANC), del ivery care (DC) and skilled ass istance during delivery, respectively. Skill of HEWs in respondent opinion, women's work status, women's and husbands ' education and Women's exposure to media had a statically significant relationship wi th the utilization of antenatal care, modern delivery care and skilled assistance during delivery. Except Birth order other socio-economic and demographic variables are signi ficantly associated with all fo rms of maternal health care. The results of logistic regression indicate that Skill of HEWs in respondent opinion, women's work status, women' s and husband's education and Women's exposure to media remain the most significant variables affecting all forms of antenatal and delivery care utilization. Finding of the study, in general, showed that, improving the quality/skill of HEWs in respondent opinion, providing long term education of women and their husbands' as well as mass media campaigns promoting health education would enhance low utilization level and coverage of maternal health care service in the area.
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    Survival Strategies of Female In-Migrant in Gimbi Town, Oromia Region
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009) Tefera, Dawit; Gurmu, Eshetu (PhD)
    In urban Ethiopia, number of female migrants has been growing with time. Economic and social factors are major reasons for females' migrations in the country. Intention of females ' migrations is basically related to improving standard of life. However, unemployment, under waged employment and unsustainable livelihood strategies are common problems for significant proportion of female in-migrants in most urban centers of Ethiopia. As a result, many female in-migrants lead their lives in worst situations and struggle with poverty that worsens their lives. In view of this problem, the main objective of this study was to investigate survival strategies of female in-migrants in Gimbi town. By using questionnaire, FGDs and interviews data were collected from 380 female inmigrants randomly selected. Then, analyses of the study were done using descriptive and binary logistic regression stati stical tools as well as qualitative techniques. The finding of the study reveals that economic factors (searching for jobs and transfer) and social fac tors (search for education, family formation and finding relatives/fri ends) are basic causes for you ng, economically active and rural origin females' in-migrations to Gimbi town. Moreover, the result of the study indicates that active strategy, passive strategy and social network are the basic survival strategies female in-migrants often adopt to lead their lives in the town. These strategies are regularly reali zed by accepting avai lable job, reducing food intake, using secondhand cloth, renting housing unit with low cost, selling household properties, borrowing, receiving aids and sharing expenses. The result of binary logistic regression analysis shows that the probability of female inmigrants to accept available job as a survival strategy varies due to socio-economic and demographic factors. Accordi ngly, problems of economic status are recurrent among yo ung, rural origin, head, single, with dependent children, large family size, recent and illiterate female in-migrants in Gimbi town. Simil arly, in the study town, female in-migrants could not earn income from their livelihood strategies are regularly overwhelmed by these problems. Because, female in-migrants among all the aforementioned categories had higher likelihoods to accept available job as a means of survival strategy compared with their respective categories. However, accepting ava ilable job as a survival strategy is not influenced by ethnic background and religion of female in-migrants in the study town. On the other hand, the outcome of this study also indicates that unemployment and underemployment resulted from seasonality of work and low level of earning are the basic economic challenges for many fem ale in-migrants in Gimbi town. Hence, as fea sible recommendations the fo llowings were stated. Reinfo rcing affirmative actions, strengthening the implementations of constitutional rights given to women, providing free family planning services, supporting insti tutions working on improving life of poor female in-migrants, faci litating situations in whi ch female in-migrants get training on awareness creation, accentuating stabili zation of the current market inflations, and developing technical training centers that could assist fema le in-m igrants with low educational status. Key words: Female In -mi grant, Survival Strategies, Active Strategy, Passive Strategy and Social Network