Browsing by Author "Girma, Tewodros"

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    Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Regulatory Food Hygiene and Safety Requirements among Cake and Ice-cream Manufacturers and Workers and Trends of Regulatory Measures in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2021-12) Abebe, Getachew; Dr.Tamene, Aynadis; Girma, Tewodros
    Background: Poor knowledge, attitude and practices of hygiene can contribute to the outbreaks of food borne illness. Most foods, including cake and ice cream products, could be affected by food borne pathogens, mainly due to poor hygienic conditions and inappropriate food handling practices. Inadequate knowledge, negative attitude and poor practices on food hygiene and weak regulation practices are among the factors responsible for the occurrence of poor hygienic conditions and inappropriate food handling practices. Objective: To assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice on regulatory food hygiene and safety requirements among cake and ice-cream workers and trend of regulatory measures in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: For knowledge, attitude and practices of workers assessment, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in purposely selected 5 sub cities and 108 manufacturers. 236 workers were selected by simple random sampling technique and interviewed using structured questionnaire. For the assessment of trends of regulatory measures, data were collected from 10 inspection team leaders (9 sub cities' food medicine and health care administration office and one Addis Ababa food medicine and health care administration authority) using a structured questionnaire. Data was entered using EPI info version 7.2 and cleaning and analysis was performed by using SPSS version 25. Result: The mean age and work experience of workers in the cake and ice-cream manufacturing companies were 30.03 and 5.72, respectively. About 46.6 % (110) of participants had no formal education. Only 2.5% of participant's field of study was related to their job.72.9 %, 37.3% and 59.3% of participants had poor knowledge, attitude and practice level about food hygiene and safety regulatory requirements, respectively. The total measure taken by the regulatory bodies on non complaints of requirements was 129 and 99 by 1 st and 2 nd half year of 2019, respectively. It was also 115 and 128 by the 1 st and 2 nd half years of 2020, respectively. Warning, lockdown and withdrawal from work were the major regulatory measures taken by the regulatory bodies. Conclusion/recommendation: Most workers do have poor knowledge and practice towards food hygiene and safety regulatory parameters. Though most of the workers knew the importance of hand washing practices, practically they were not complying. In contrast to the knowledge level, overall, more than half of the participants had good level of attitude towards food hygiene and safety regulatory requirements. The overall level of food hygiene and safety regulatory practices was poor. Though the sum total practice level was poor, the majority of them were also good at some specific requirements. The present study also pointed out that most of the regulatory measures taken by the regulation bodies on non-fulfillment were simple type of measures like warning.
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    Predictability of Foreign Aid and Economic Growth in Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-06) Girma, Tewodros; Geda, Alemayehu (PhD)
    Foreign aid is one source of physical capital accumulation in Ethiopia. It is also a main media of government revenue in meeting increasing trends of government expenditure. To investigate the impact of foreign aid flow on economic growth, various empirical studies were conducted, but they came up with mixed result. This leads to raise question of why impact of aid on economic growth in Ethiopia continues to be paradoxical in its findings. To assess the effectiveness of foreign aid in Ethiopia; this study sets predictability of foreign aid and economic growth in Ethiopia as a general objective. Specifically, the study sought to examine the contribution of foreign aid and the macroeconomic policy environment to economic growth in the country. In order to meet the aforementioned objective, the study employed an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach over the period 1981-2014. The empirical finding shows that in the long run, foreign aid has a positive contribution to economic growth, but in the short run its effect appeared to be insignificant. The predictability of foreign aid has a positive effect both in the short and long run. Macroeconomic policy index also has a positive effect in the long run, but its short run effect become negative. Based on the listed empirical finding, the study came up with policy recommendation; the government should allocate the external assistance on the successful development projects. Moreover, to make the flow of aid more predictable and persistent over time, both the government of Ethiopia and the donor communities should come up mechanism of transparently working jointly.