Browsing by Author "Getachew Gari"

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    Epidemiological Aspects and Economic Impacts of Lumpy Skin Disease in Selected Districts of Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2010-06) Ashebir Balcha; Moses Kyule; Yasmin Jibril; Getachew Gari
    A cross-sectional study and retrospective questionnaire survey were conducted from October 2009 to April 201 0 in six selected districts of Ethiopia; three districts for serological study were from Amhara region and the other three districts for retrospective survey in Oromia region. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated monetary losses in intensive small scale dairy farms and in extensively managed farms. A total of 263 cattle blood samples were collected from 7 PAs in 3 districts. All the sera were tested using IFA T and VNT. Out of 263 sera, 110 and 85 were positive by IFAT and VNT respectively, giving stopper valences of IFAT of 41.8% and VNT of 32.3%. The retrospective survey was carried on 355 herds having 2954 cattle the latter, 102 herds were intensively managed and had 7 18 cattle while, 253 herds were extensively managed and had a total of 2236. The relevant data were collected from the herd owners that dwelt in 25 PAs in 3 selected districts with the objectives of estimating an midlevel prevalence, mortality and associated monetary losses due to outbreak of LSD. The computed animal-level prevalence's of LSD outbreak were 13.8% (95% CI: 12.4 - 15.3) and 31.8% (95% CI 28.3 - 35. 8) in extensively and intensively managed farm s, respectively with an overall animal-level prevalence o f 18.2% (95% Cl: 16.8 - 19.6). The computed percent mortality was significantly higher in intensively managed farms with 7.24% (95% CI: 5.3 - 9.1 ) than the percent mortality in extensively managed farms with 1.25% (95% Cl: 0.8 -1.7). The overall observed mortality was 2.7% (95% CI: 1.3 - 4. 1). The animal- level prevalence's by age-groups were 12% (95% C I: 8.3 - 17), 17.4% (95% Cl: 13.7 - 21.4) and 19.9% (95% CI: 16.2 - 23.6) in calves, yearlings and adults respectively. The percent mortality of 4.5% (95% Cl: 3 - 8.9) in calves were significantly higher than in yearlings. of2.4% (95% CI: 1.2 - 3.6) and of2.4% (95% CI: 1.7 - 3. 1) in adults The total financial losses due to LSD outbreak were estimated using economic models for livestock both in intensively and extensively managed farm s and the results were 28.5 million birr and 5 billion birr respectively. Thus, these findings highlight the importance and negative impacts of LSD in Ethiopia although the actual financial losses were not calculated for the complex impacts that could not be estimated in monetary terms for example abortions, in creases in calving intervals, and poor growth rates. Key words: Ethiopia, Economic model, IFAT, LSD, Prevalence, Risk factors VNT
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    Studies on Poultry Coccidiosis in Tiyo Wereda, Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State
    (Addis Ababauniversity, 2004-06) Getachew Gari; Gebreab, Feseha
    The objective of this study was first to investigate the prevalence of poultry coccidiosis and to identify the coccidial species occurring in the study area on local strain and Rhode Island Red breed chicken. The duration of the study was from September up to December, 2003 and the sample size for local strain and RIR breed was 160 and 31 respectively. The study involved questionnaire survey, fecal examination, necropsy examination and identification of coccidial species based on their morphology, predilection site in the intestine and sporulation time. Frequency detection of oocyst in the fecal samples from RIR breed and local strain chicken was 80.65% and 61.25% respectively. This finding indicated that coccidial infection in RIR breed was significantly higher than in local strain chicken (p < 0.05). The lesion score and mean oocyst output per gram feces was also considerably higher in RIR breed than in local strain chicken (p < 0.05, P < 0.001 respectively), which may be the difference due to management system and breed. Clinical coccidiosis occurrence in RIR breed and local strain chicken was 22.58% and 12.25% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical coccidiosis occurrence between the two genotype chickens and system. Eimeria species identified in descending order of their occurrence were E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. mitis. Mixed infections were the predominant in both production systems. E. mitis was tentatively diagnosed for the first time in Ethiopia. The second study was experimental study was conducted to compare the natural resistance of local strain and RIR breed chicken to acute infection with E. tenella field isolate. The resistance was assessed based on measuring and analysis of the parameters; oocyst production, body weight gain/loss, lesion score, packed cell volume and morbidity rate. A total of 218 chicks were assigned for the experiment out of which 141 local strains and 77 RIR breed were randomly allocated into the experimental test and control groups. Sex difference within each genotype was also taken in to account. The test groups were inoculated with 150,000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella per bird suspended in 1ml distilled water and given per os directly in to the crop. Body weight and packed cell volume measurements were taken for all birds twice, on day 0 and 8 post infection. The birds were necropsied 8 days post infection for lesion score. The morbidity rate in RIR breed was lower (p < 0.001) than the local strain chickens and no mortality during the patent period. Moreover, body weight depression in RIR breed was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the local strain chicken. However, lesion score and oocyst production was significantly higher than the local strain chickens (p < 0.001, p < XI 0.001). This indicated RIR breed demonstrated better resistance to overcome the effects of the disease. Differences in natural resistance between males and females were not significant. However, under experimental infection there were some variations to the effects of the disease that females showed significantly higher body weight depression and larger oocyst production than males in both genotype chickens. Key Words: Coccidia, E. tenella, natural resistance, prevalence, infection, Rhode Island Red breed, Local strain chicken and Tiyo Wereda