Browsing by Author "Getachew, Tewodros"

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    Assessment of Soil Erosion Risk Area Using Object Based Image Analysis and RUSLE3D Model: A Case Study of Wenberta Watershed, Atsbi-Wenberta Woreda, Tigray, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2016-06) Getachew, Tewodros; Tesfaw, Binyam (PhD)
    Soil erosion is a global issue that threatens human livelihoods and civilization. The impact of soil erosion can be worst in the developing countries like Ethiopia, including Tigray Highlands, which is highly affected by the risk of desertification that is also aggravates by a combination of natural and human factors. In most areas of the country farmers are highly dependent on natural land proprieties and unable to improve soil fertility through application of purchased inputs. Therefore, the community try to protect the soil loss of the area to tackle such kind of problems. In this study, Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) 3D model was used to quantify the erosion in a GIS environment in order to calculates actual average soil loss in Wenberta watershed, Tigray region, Ethiopia. RUSLE 3D model applied to produce the soil erosion risk map using ArcGIS10.3, SAGA GIS, and eCognition Essential software's. The model incorporates Rainfall , Soil, Topographic (a three dimensional modification), Land cover, and Practice Management factors. Land Cover map of the area was produced using Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) from a very high resolution (0.25 cm spatial resolution) of aerial photographs for the entire watershed. The overall accuracy of land cover from OBIA was 85.2%. Slope and Upslope area were generated from a 10 m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The model final result shows that the actual soil loss quantity ranges from 0 to very high soil loss rates ( 127.92 t/ha/y). According to the final result the central parts of watershed have very high severity of soil erosion and most of the mountainous areas also high soil erosion risks. The study showed that stone bunds and bench terrace in Practice Management are successful management practice to conquer the soil erosion risks of the area. This study demonstrates that the RUSLE 3D model is a robust model for estimation of soil erosion studies and risk assessment mapping integrating with remote sensing products and Geographic Information Systems and can be applied in other parts of Ethiopia. As a result, the areas that have high erosion risk should be conserved in priority by the most known methods of conservation practices of the area. Key words: RUSLE3D, Soil Erosion, OBIA, GIS, Remote Sensing, Wenberta watershed, SAGA GIS
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    Assessment of the contribution of Civil Society Proclamation to Democratic Development in Ethiopia: A comparative Analysis with Charities and Societies Proclamation on selected Civil Society Organizations in Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2020-10) Getachew, Tewodros; Hadaro PhD, Filmon
    After the coming into force of the Ethiopian charity and society proclamation in 2009, the role of civil society organizations to the contribution of development has significantly diminished. Hence, it has become one of the core agendas of the government during the recent reform program undergone. To alleviate the problem government has repealed the law and replaces it with a civil society proclamation. The purpose of this study is to assess comparatively how the current civil society law addresses the drawback of the charity and society proclamation particularly to the root cause of financial sustainability and democratization taking a case of selected civil society organizations found in Addis Ababa. Even though there are a lot of researches conducted on the topic, none or few have been conducted a study identifying the detrimental provisions in the charity and society proclamations how the civil society proclamation deals with the problem. To this end, the researcher employed a mixed descriptive method of research design by collecting primary data from forty-two leaders and founders of selected civil society organizations in Addis Ababa using a close-ended questionnaire by applying the snowball non-probability sampling technique. Moreover, the researcher also interviewed officials in charge of enacting the new law and officials from implementing bureaus using semi-structured interview questions by applying a quota sampling method. The collected data has been analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using statements, tables, figures, and percentages. The result shows that the charity and society proclamation threaten the financial sustainability of civil society organization by putting restrictions on raising not more than 90% of fund from a foreign source and accepting funds from an anonymous source, the administrative hurdle to engage in income-generating activities from a local source, and enlisting project based activities in administrative costs. However, the civil society proclamation resolved the problem by lifting the restriction, allowing without condition to engage in income generation activities, and emplace project related cost in program cost from administrative cost. Moreover, the charity and civil society proclamation limit the freedom of association of these organizations and restrict their contribution to good government, democracy, and human rights by draining their financial means and by limiting foreign organizations to engage in advocacy and policy issues. However, the current law resolved the problem by lifting the restriction of financial sources and allowing free entry. For the success of the civil society law the civil society organization are duty bound to implement the fund they get for the intended purpose while donors to ensure the sustainability of the project and government to emplace proper regulatory mechanism.
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    Capacity Evaluation of Roundabout Junctions In Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2007-04) Getachew, Tewodros; Berhanu, Girma(PhD)
    This thesis addresses the most important element of operational performance of roundabout traffic intersections in Addis Ababa: capacity analysis. The relation between a roundabout performance measure and capacity is often expressed in terms of degree of saturation (Demand volume – Capacity ratio). The capacity analysis is done based on empirical gap – acceptance method that is adopted by aaSIDRA software. The necessary geometric data for the analysis (average entry width, circulatory road width, number of entry and circulatory lanes, and island diameter), traffic movement data with vehicle characteristics and pedestrians volume were collected from 10 roundabouts. These 10 roundabouts represent different sizes of inscribed circle diameters of roundabouts, which are directly related to their approach leg numbers (3 leg, 4 legs, 5 legs and 6 legs). aaSIDRA software capacity analysis results indicated that out of 10 roundabouts 6 of them have greater than 0.85 degree of saturation. This 0.85 value is recommended by analysis procedure of some model countries such as Australia, Germany, United Kingdom and U.S.A. Whose roundabouts are designed to operate at no more than 85 percents of their estimated capacity. Approach entry capacity has been analyzed for all 10 roundabouts at their legs and with curve –fitting techniques. Effective capacity verses geometric parameters relationship have been developed in order to find out the causes of their over Saturation (v/c ratio greater than 0.85) And the result indicates; number of entry lanes, number of circulatory lanes, high traffic flow and pedestrian volumes are the major causes of their over saturation. Furthermore, The chart is developed using the parameters number of entry lanes, number of circulatory lanes and opposing circulatory flows, which can assist in designing of roundabouts and forecasting their capacity
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    Criteria and Implementation of Secession Right under the FDRE Constitution in light of the International Law Regime: A Critical Analysis of the Law and the Practice.
    (Addis Ababa,University, 2017-03) Getachew, Tewodros; Degefa, Abera (PhD)
    This thesis, among other things, studies both the theoretical and practical paradoxes of secession right under the FDRE constitution. Given the wider significance of this thesis, there is a serious concern regarding the current absurd incorporation of the unconditional secession right under the FDRE constitution and the criminalization of some aspects of this right at the same time. The paradox that, the grant of the widest form of the right to secession and lack of constitutional quests of secession rather the occurrence of many criminal cases of secession i.e. Crimes against the National State committed by the secessionist/separatist groups is continuing as a obscurity. Subsequent to reviewing the relevant literature, international legal frameworks, case laws, interviews and other methods, the author will identify and establish the international law regime and practice on secession. Pursuant to the findings, the thesis draws the FDRE constitution is not in conformity with the international legal regime, theories and state practice as far as secession and its implementation are concerned. Consequently, it also tries to create a coherence in implementing the right in doing so, possible demarcation will be made on the distinction between ‘secession as a constitutional right’ as against ‘secession as a crime’. Thus, the thesis will bring possible alternatives which might thwart the paradoxes on the strange stand taken by the FDRE constitution on secession right and its application, as a way forward.
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    Status of Special Units and Integrated Classes for Children with Mental Retardation: Study on Selected Schools in the Amhara National Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) Getachew, Tewodros; Desta, Daniel (PhD)
    The study tried to explore and describe the functioning of special units and integrated classes for children with mental retardation at schools in the Amhara National Regional State. In the study four schools with special unit and integrated class based educational provisions were selected. As the participants for the study four directors, four special units heads, seven and thirteen teachers teaching children with mental retardation at the special units and regular classroom, respectively were selected. Interview guide, questionnaire, and data collection form were used as data collecting instrument. The data collected was then presented in a descriptive form and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study showed that there is lack of well-formulated identification technique, appropriate instrument and trained professionals for assessing chi ldren with mental retardation at the schools. Moreover, the study also found out that children are roughly identified as mentally retarded on the basis of some observable developmental patterns and physical features. In the special units, special educators and a regular classroom teacher provide instruction to children with mental retardation. As it was revealed in the study, there are 8 teachers teaching children with mental retardation in the special w1its out of which 7 are trained as special educators and I is a general education teacher. In terms of additional training they received, it was identified that such trainings were arranged for limited instances since the beginning of the special needs educational program at the schools. With regard to integrating children with mental retardation into the regular classrooms, the study noted that the procedure is conducted based on the measurement of the children's ski lls in the academic, communication, social, self-cru·e and independent functioning areas. After that, the regulru· classroom teachers take a full responsibility of teaching the children. However, the results depicted that the teachers did not get enough training that enable them to teach the children in the regular classroom. Furthermore, they also did not receive assistance from the special educators as to how to provide instruction more effectively to these children. Concerning the challenges the regular classroom teachers faced, the result revealed that teachers encountered problems related with children behaviors and on teaching different subj ects to the children. On top of this, the study also found out that there are no resource rooms in each of the sampled schools. To offset these deficiencies, the special educators and regular classroom teachers render educational SUppOlt to the children as on need bases. Regarding the support the schools provide to the special units and integrated classes, the study found out that the schools give assistance such as material support and tutorial services. The schools also arranged trainings for the teachers. The training for the special educators was given on self-contained instruction. Where as for the regular classroom teachers the school arranges training to be given by the special educators.
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    Status of special units and integrated classes for children with Mental retardation: study on selected schools in the Amhara National Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) Getachew, Tewodros; Desta, Daniel ( PhD)
    Status of Special Units and Integrated Classes for Children with Mental Retardation: Study on Selected Schools in the Amhara National Regional State. The study tried to explore and describe the functioning of special units and integrated class for children with mental retardation at schools in the Amhara National Regional tate. In the study four schools with special unit and integrated class based educational provisions were selected. As the participants for the study four directors, four special units heads seven and thirteen teachers teaching children with mental retardation at the special units and regular classroom respectively were selected. Interview guide, questionnaire, and data collection form were used as data collecting instrument. The data collected was then presented in a descriptive form and analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study showed that there is lack of well-formulated identification technique appropriate instrument and trained professionals for assessing children with mental retardation at the schools. Moreover, the study also found out that children are roughly identified as mentally retarded on the basis of some observable developmental patterns and physical features . In the special units special educators and a regular classroom teacher provide instruction to children with mental retardation. As it was revealed in the study, there are 8 teachers teaching children with mental retardation in the special units out of which 7 are trained as special educators and 1 is a general education teacher. In terms of additional training they received, it was identified that such trainings were arranged for limited instances since the beginning of the special needs educational program at the schools. With regard to integrating children with mental retardation into the regular classrooms, the study noted that the procedure is conducted based on the measurement of the children's skills in the academic, communication, social, self-care and independent functioning areas. After that, the regular classroom teachers take a full responsibility of teaching the children. However, the results depicted that the teachers did not get enough training that enable them to teach the children in the regular classroom. Furthermore, they also did not receive assistance from the special educators as to how to provide instruction more effectively to these children. Concerning the challenges the regular classroom teachers faced, the result revealed that teachers encountered problems related with children behaviors and on teaching different subjects to the children. On top of this, the study also found out that there are no resource rooms in each of the sampled schools. To offset these deficiencies, the special educators and regular classroom teachers render educational support to the children as on need bases. Regarding the support the schools provide to the special units and integrated classes, the study found out that the schools give assistance such as material support and tutorial services. The schools also arranged trainings for the teachers. The training for the special educators was given on self-contained instruction. Where as for the regular classroom teachers the school arranges training to be given by the special educators.
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    “A Struggle to Maintain Relationship” - Sexual Life and Fertility Desire in Long-term HIV Sero-discordant Couples: A Grounded Theory Study
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Getachew, Tewodros; Mitike, Getinet(PhD)
    Introduction: Even though remarkable progress has been achieved, AIDS continues to be a major global health priority. HIV discordant relationship is one of the emerging issues concerning HIV prevention. In Ethiopia, very little is known about HIV-serodiscordant couples particularly how they manage their sexual relationship. Objective: This study was conducted with the aim to exploring and conceptualizing the sexual life, concerns and fertility desire, in the context of long-term HIV discordant (mixed HIV status) relationships in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology: The study was carried out at different health facilities (3hospitals, 1health center) & 1NGO in Addis Ababa from December 2010 – April 2011. An exploratory qualitative design was applied using an in-depth interview method. Data were collected using in-depth interviews guide with both 28 clients from discordant relationship and 8 key informants (health care providers). People in serodiscordant relationship & key informants were recruited using purposive and theoretical sampling. Data collection and analysis were undertaken simultaneously using a constant comparison Grounded Theory approach and for the data analysis OpenCode software were used. In order to make sure the appropriateness of assigned cods and consistencies in coding there was debriefing with public health post graduate candidates & reviewing the coding of the text. Finally conceptualization and generalization to wider context of meaning units was made. All ethical issues and data quality management were maintained. Findings: A Grounded Theory pertaining to sexual life, concern & desire to have a child among HIV discordant couples emerged with maintaining the relationship as its core category. Couples pass through a social process of struggle to maintain their relationship. The causal conditions vii for couples to enter into the process of struggle to maintaining their relationship were collectively categorized as “Entering in to a transition” (knowing HIV serostatus) and include mismatch desire on having a child, controversy: Safe sex Vs desire to have a child and undeniable change in sexual desire & practice through time. The action/ interaction strategies were collectively named as Dealing with Discordancy and it includes Accepting the Fact – Normalizing, Selective Disclosure and Entertaining Partner’s Interests – Sacrifice of one self interest. Their action/ interaction strategies were resulted with some consequence which is named as “Ups & Downs: Passing through difficulties” and includes A Double Burden, Shifting of Interest and Less Undesirable social Pressure from people around them. The context named “Our Cosmo”: Couple’s Living Circumstances that includes Defining the relationship, Spending Long time Together, Being in Different HIV Serostatus than Partner, Being Parents of common children, Ageing and Gender and an intervening conditions “Shared Life – Living with Community”- consists of Relatives’ Influence, People’s Judgments – A Concern & Information Influences were shaping couple’s actions/interactions strategies in the process of maintaining their relationship. Conclusions & Recommendations: HIV discordant relationship is filled with struggle to maintain relationship versus fear of infection. The findings suggest the need to view discordant couple’s actions in the process of maintaining their relationship. Further work should be done with HIV discordant couples to assess the fit of the current model in a different set up and population. In addition, work could begin to test the hypotheses proposed in this study. Key words: HIV, Discordant couples, Relationship, Grounded theory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia