Browsing by Author "Geletu, Ashenafi"

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    Investigation of the Exposure to Low-Iron Multiple Micronutrient Powders (Mnps) on Development, Anaemia and Growth of Infants and Young Children In Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2018-06-01) Geletu, Ashenafi; Baye, Kaleab (PhD)
    Micronutrient malnutrition is estimated to affect 2 billion people worldwide. The deficiency is more prevalent in infants and young children during complementary feeding period. Inappropriate complementary feeding contributes to growth faltering, anemia, and cognitive impairments. Among the various strategies designed to prevent and treat the nutritional deficiency home fortification with micronutrient powders (MNP) is a novel alternative for delivering micronutrients with foods. Limited programmatic evidence exists on the effectiveness of low-iron micronutrient powders (MNPs) on anemia, growth and development when provided every other day in the first year of life. This study investigated associations between exposure of low-iron MNPs with anemia, growth, and development of infants in Southern Ethiopia. Using a retrospective cohort design, the associations between MNP exposure (98 MNP exposed; 102 unexposed) and anemia, growth and motor development were assessed among infants 9-11 months of age. This was followed by a prospective follow-up of the same groups six months after the intervention was interrupted. Children’s developmental milestone acquisition like language, social skills, and fine- and gross-motor skills were assessed. The retention of fat-soluble vitamins in the home-fortified foods was evaluated using HPLC-DAD. Socio-demographic characteristics and dietary patterns were similar between MNP exposed and unexposed groups. Provision of low-Fe (6 mg) MNP every other day, for three months, was associated with reduced risk of anaemia and stunting, and increased likelihood of standing alone (AOR=3.1; 95% CI: 1.53, 6.46) or walking alone (4.9; 95% CI 2.12, 11.37). Dietary diversity and mothers’ education were also associated with motor development. The prospective follow-up (cohort) after the interruption of the intervention revealed that difference-in-difference (DID) values between the two groups remained significant and positive, meaning that earlier differences between the two groups widened with time even in the absence of continued intervention. The risk of stunting and anemia in the MNP exposed infants were still reduced by 32.6 % (RR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.94) and 42.6% (RR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.75), respectively. Similarly, children exposed to MNP intervention in their first year of life had a lower risk of deficits in the ability to walk alone (RR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.38, 0.57) or standing alone (RR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.79) compared to those that were unexposed to MNP. Exposure to MNPs was positively associated with various indicators of cognitive development like gross motor (β=0.59; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.91), fine motor (β=0.48; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.79), language (β=0.48; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.85) and social skills (β= 0.16; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.24). Morbidity, head-circumference, and LAZ were all significantly associated with development milestone acquisition (P<0.05). However, concentrations of retinol, cholecalciferol and α – tocopherol were much lower than the expected values based on theoretical calculations. Earlier exposure to improved nutrition can have long-term effects even when interventions are stopped. Low-Fe MNPs provided on alternate days were associated with improved growth, lower risk of anemia and better motor milestone acquisition. This should however be validated using a community-based clinical trial. Improving the retention of fat soluble vitamins in MNPs would be critical to maximize impact.
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    Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Orange and Tomato Samples from Piasa Atekelt Tera, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Ababa University, 2009-06) Geletu, Ashenafi; Berhanu, Tarekegn(PhD); Retta, Nigussie (PhD)
    The concentration levels of ten organochlorine pesticides have been investigated in tomato and orange samples purchased from Piasa Atekelt Tera market, Addis Ababa. Sampling technique was used based on the Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia, standard sampling method ( ES ISO874:2007) and from United Nation Food and Agricultural Organization(FAO:2002). A standard analytical method was used for extraction of the pesticides in fruits and vegetables. Since the method was out of scope it validated before application to the analysis of these pesticides. Accordingly the limit of detection (LOD), Limit of quantification (LOQ), repeatability and reproducibility, and percentage recovery were determined. Target analytes were determined using GC-MS. The Spiked recovery results for five analytes were within the acceptable international standard . The LOD value and LOQ value are below the LCL and MRL of the analyte. Precision of the method was measured in terms of repeatability and reproducibility expressed in terms of percentage relative standard deviation (% RSD) values. The %RSD of all detected analytes were less than the acceptable international standard (<20%). The study found that both orange and tomato samples were contaminated by the five and four type of OCPs out of ten target analyte, respectively. In orange sample g- HCH, heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan and DDT were detected while in tomato heptachlor, aldrin, endosulfan and DDT were detected. However from the detected analytes none of them above the international MRL values. Keywords: Organochlorine pesticide, Tomato and orange, Method validation, maximum residue limit