Browsing by Author "Esete Habtemariam"

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    Does Mothers/Caregivers‘ Fasting Status Affect the Dietary Diversity of Children 6-23 Months? A Before-After Study in Debrebirhan, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-10) Addisalem Zebene; Solomon Shiferaw; Esete Habtemariam
    Background: Ethiopia has various religions, of which the Orthodox Tewahido Christian religion accounts for 44% of the population. According to the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido tradition close to 200 days are dedicated to religious fasting annually, at which time all followers who are above seven years old are expected to abstain from all types of food, including animal source foods, and water for up to some hours daily. It is possible that such practice by mothers or caregivers could affect children’s food consumption. However, it is not clear if mothers/caregivers’ fasting status influences the diversity of food that children are getting during these periods. Objective: The objective of this study was to estimate the effect of mothers/ caregivers’ fasting status on dietary diversity of children 6-23 months in Debrebirhan, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods: A community-based longitudnal study was conducted in Debrebirhan, North Shewa Zone, at randomly selected seven kebeles with a sample size of 218, from January 29 to February 25, 2019 in the pre-fasting period and from March 18 to April 10, 2019, during fasting period on same participants. Data was entered on Epi data version 4.4.2.1 and analyzed using STATA 15 software. Children’s dietary diversity was measured using the WHO standardized questionnaire for infant and young child feeding. McNemar paired test was used for comparison of baseline and end line measurements. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. Result: A total of 218 and 216 mothers/caregivers with children 6-23 months participated in the study before and during fasting season with a response rate of 100.0% and 99.0% respectively. The median age of children was 15 months. It was found out that the proportion of children who ate four or more food groups in the pre-fasting period was 23.4% and it significantly decreased to 5.5% in the fasting period (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The study pointed out that mothers/caregivers’ fasting status during the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido fasting periods could negatively affect the dietary diversity of children 6-23 months in the household apparently by decreasing their consumption of animal source food. Therefore, intervention strategies in promoting children's dietary diversity should be designed in a way that considers Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahido Christian mothers/caregivers’ fasting practices.
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    Effect of Employment Status of Mother on the Nutritional Status of Children Aged 6-23 Months: A Comparative Cross Sectional Study in Burayu Town, Oromia Region, Ethiopia 2019
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-10) Mulugeta Olika; Bilal Shikur; Esete Habtemariam
    Background: Mothers multiple roles as care-givers of her child & providers of family income may conflict with one another in child nutrition. Working mothers may not have adequate time to care for their offspring’s which will negatively affect child nutritional status. On the other hand, working mothers generate income which could be utilized for better child nutrition. So whether the well-being of children is affected more by the time constraints of women who perform dual role of mother and earner, or by the increased income generated by the mother’s working is a gap & require finding Objective: To compare the nutritional status (stunting and wasting) of children aged 6-23 months among employed and unemployed mothers in Burayu Town. Methodology: A community based comparative cross-sectional study design was used from January to June 2019 in Burayu town on704 employed and unemployed mother-child pair. Multistage cluster sampling method was used for the selection of clusters and study participants. Data were entered into EPi info and analysis was performed using SPSS version 24.0, and WHO Anthro program was used for conversion of nutritional data of children into Z-scores. The differences in nutritional status of children aged 6-23 months between employed and unemployed mothers were analyised using Bivariate and Multivariate logistic regression at p-value 0.05. Results: The multivariate analysis shows that children of employed mothers were stunted ((AOR:4.38, 95% CI(2.55-7.51) and wasted (AOR:2.38, 95%CI(1.16-4.91)). Children who received dietary diversity less than 4 food groups and meal frequency less than 4 times daily were stunted ((AOR:1.86, 95%CI(1.26-2.76) and (AOR:1.77,95%CI(1.06-2.94)) respectively. Children whose households had allocating lower monthly food expenditure, had using flush to septic tank type toilet facility, and boiling method of water treatment were stunted ((AOR:1.78, 95% CI(1.16-2.74), (AOR: 0.45, 95% CI ((0.250.81)and (AOR: 0.48, 95% CI(0.26-0.86)) respectively. Children of male sex and with parity of birth with one years, who didn’t bottle fed and whose households using strained through cloth method of treatment of water were wasted ((AOR:2.42, 95% CI(1.45-4.02), (AOR: 3.74, 95% CI ((1.23-11.39 (AOR: 0.48, 95% CI(0.28-0.83) and (AOR: 0.22, 95% CI(0.07-0.72)) respectively. Conclusion: Children from employed mother had significantly higher level of length for age Z-Score and weight for Length Z-Score than unemployed mothers. Mothers constraint’s of time and inconvenient working area for feeding practice of children such as adequate dietary diversity (food groups) and meal frequency were the contributory factors for the higher nutritional status. Recommendation: Giving emphasis for working mothers to receive more support in their work place to practice adequate dietary diversity (food groups) and meal frequency is recommended.
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    A Single 24 hour Recall is inaccurate in Assessing Exclusive Breast Feeding among Infants under six months of age, Butajira, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba Universty, 2016-06) Esete Habtemariam; Solomon Shiferaw
    Background: Indicators are developed to measure the feeding practice of a child. WHO has developed an indicator to asses exclusive breast feeding which is obtained by using single 24hour recall. Single 24 hour recall only captures the current status. A single day dietary history may be misleading in determining a usual intake of an infant if there is a day to day variation in the feeding pattern, and this might lead to an over estimation and misclassification. Objective: To assess how accurate a single 24 hour dietary recall, multiple 24 hours recall and recall since birth is as compared to 7 repeated 24 hour recall in assessing exclusive breastfeeding among infants less than 6 months, Butajira, Ethiopia. Method: Community based cross sectional study was conducted from March to April 2016. A total of 422infant mother pairs less than 6 months who resides in Butajira were selected by simple random sampling method. Data on duration of EBF was collected by using a single 24 hour recall, multiple 24 hour recall and recall since birth. Mcnemar’s test was done to assess if there was a significant difference in rate of EBF. P-value less than 0.05 were considered to indicate a statistically significant difference in proportion. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were computed by using 7 repeated 24 hour recall as a reference. Result: exclusive breast feeding rate varied across different methods. The highest prevalence76.7% was obtained by single 24 hour recall. 7 repeated 24 hour recall and recall since birth resulted in EBF rate of 53.2% and 50.2% respectively. Single 24 hour recall overestimates EBF prevalence by 23.54%; by increasing the number of recall we can decrease the degree of over estimation significantly. Taking seven repeated 24 hour recall as a gold standard, single 24hour recall was observed to have the lowest specificity of 49.7% and positive predictive value of 69.3%. An increase in specificity as high as 94.8% was observed by increasing the number of observation days. Recall since birth was found to have a high specificity 93.8% and positive predictive value 94.2. Conclusion: Single 24 hour recall overestimated EBF prevalence and had the lowest specificity. By increasing observation days we can improve accuracy of estimates of EBF. Recall since birth presented estimates of EBF that is close to reality. The use of recall since birth could be a feasible alternative to assess EBF practice.
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    Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Food and Nutrient Intake of Adults in Butajira, Southern Ethiopia.
    (Addis Abeba University, 2019-10) Ilili Feyesa; Bilal Shikur; Seifu Hagos; Esete Habtemariam
    Background: Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) is the most commonly used dietary assessment tool in epidemiological studies, due to ease of administration and feasibility. However, the information collected by FFQ is associated with lower accuracy. For accurate interpretation of the food frequency results that arise from epidemiological studies, it needs to be compared with a more accurate dietary assessment method. To date, there is no culture-specific and validated FFQ available in Ethiopia. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the validatiy of a locally developed FFQ for estimating food and nutrient intakes of adults in Butajira, southern Ethiopia. Methodology: We employed a community-based cross-sectional study and included a total of one hundred fifteen adults aged 20-65 years. FFQ was developed using two sources of data; focus group discussion and previous two days 24-Hour diet recall. The relative validity of the FFQ was assessed against the average of two interactive 24-hour dietary recalls. Intakes of macronutrients (energy, protein, carbohydrate, fat), micro-nutrients (calcium, iron, vitamin, vitamin B1, vitamin B2) and food groups were measured by the two methods. The validity of the FFQ was evaluated by comparing estimates of specific nutrients and food groups derived from the FFQ against the 24-hour dietary recalls by calculating the mean or median difference, correlation coefficients, cross-classification, and Bland Altman test. Result: Mean energy and macronutrient intakes obtained from the FFQ were significantly higher than those obtained from the mean of 24-hour dietary recalls. The correlation between energy and macro-nutrients measured by the two methods varies from 0.05 (Total fat) to 0.32 (carbohydrate) and from 0.1(calcium) to 0.49 (vitamin B1) for micronutrients. FFQ did not adequately classify subjects with respect to energy, macro-nutrients and most of the micro-nutrients. A systematic mean difference was observed in vitamin A and iron intake in the bland–Altman agreement test. For the majority of the food groups, median differences in the intake of foods and nutrients between 24-hour dietary recall and FFQ were, overall, small and statist ically insignificant. Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.12 for an egg to 0.78 for legumes. We found that the The FFQ showed a fair classification agreement with the 24-hour recall for intakes of cereals, legumes, and roots and tubers. A systematic mean difference was observed in roots and tubers and beverage intake in the bland–Altman agreement test. Conclusion: The FFQ provided a good validity to assess and rank individuals in terms of intakes of most food groups according to high and low intake categories. Its validity could be acceptable for estimating energy and macro-nutrient intakes at individual basis. However, estimates of minerals and vitamins should be interpreted with caution.