Browsing by Author "Emiru, Solomon"

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    Compatibility of the Revised Oromia National Regional State Constitution of 2001 with the FDRE Constitution with Respect to Adjudication of Constitutionality Issues and its Possible Effects
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-06) Emiru, Solomon; DAGAFA, ABERRA
    The objective of this study is to determine the incompatibility between the FDRE Constitution and the Oromia national regional state constitution on the matter of adjudicating constitutionality issues and to identify the possible effects of this incompatibility. Hence the study tries to answer: what are the possible effects of these incompatibilities between the FDRE and Oromia state constitutions on the matter of constitutional adjudication? To what extent the organs established under the Oromia state constitution for the purpose of adjudicating and resolving regional constitutional disputes are competent? What are the impacts of excluding judiciary from determining the constitutionality of laws under the regional state constitution of Oromia? Is there any clear mechanism provided under the FDRE Constitution to reconcile the inconsistencies between the federal and regional laws? To answer these questions, the study analyzes related provisions of the FDRE Constitution and the state constitution of Oromia with constitutional adjudication; appropriately reviews the existing literature and critically analyzes practical cases. The findings of this study include: While federal and state laws must, at least, be consistent on basic democratic principles, like ensuring separation of powers, check and balances, independence of judiciary and rule of law in a federation, the state constitution of Oromia prohibits ordinary courts from reviewing the constitutionality of both laws of the parliament and subordinate enactments of the executive organs like regulations and directives contrary to the FDRE Constitution. The exclusion of courts from reviewing the constitutionality of subordinate legislations of the executive highly erodes the principle of constitutionalism, at regional state level of Oromia.
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    Iodine deficiency in School Aged Children 7-12 years and Associated Factors in Akaki-kality Subcity of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2016-01) Emiru, Solomon; Urga, Kelbessa (Associate Professor); Kebede, Aweke (PhD)
    Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for normal human growth and development as it is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones produced by thyroid glands. Iodine deficiency is a severe public health problem in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence of goiter, urinary iodine status and to determine iodine content of salt consumed by school age children 7-12 years. A school based cross-sectional study was conducted in five randomly selected primary schools in Akaki-kality subcity of Addis Ababa during April to July 2015. A total of 270 children were included in the study. Questionnaire was used to collect information of socio-demographic, knowledge on iodine deficiency and practices of iodized salt consumption. Clinical examination of thyroid gland was assessed by standard palpation method. Spot urine samples were collected and analyzed by Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Iodine content of salt samples was determined by iodometric titration method. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried out. The overall prevalence of goiter was 23.3% with (Grade 1=22.2% and Grade 2=1.1%). Prevalence of goiter in females and males was 27.4% and 19.3% respectively. As the age increased the goiter prevalence also increased in age group 10-12 years (AOR=2.6; 95% CI=1.4, 4.8; p=0.003) and school where children learned (AOR=3.8; 95%CI=1.4, 10.1; p=0.009) were factors highly associated with goiter. The median urinary iodine level of school age children was 85.7 μg/L, Interquartile Range was 56.3 – 127.4 μg/L. The UIC was below 100μg/L in 62% of the children and 20% had UIC below 50μg/L. Inadequate iodine status of children was highly associated with age 7-9 years (AOR=2.2; 95%CI=1.1, 4.3; p=0.028), educational status of family (AOR=4.1; 95%CI=1.4, 11.8; p=0.009) and children’s consumed coarse salt (AOR=308.4; 95%CI=39.2, 2429.2; p=0.000). Only 20% of the total salt samples were adequately iodized. The finding of this study revealed that iodine deficiency is a moderate public health problem and iodized salt consumption is very low in the study area. Therefore, further strengthen the existing monitoring system for the quality of iodized salt and awareness creation activities on the benefits of iodine nutrition have to be intensified. Keywords: Iodine deficiency; School age children; Urinary iodine excretion ;Goiter ;Iodized salt