Browsing by Author "Dessalegn Genzebu"

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    Characterization of Dairy Cattle Husbandry Practice and Performance under Smallholder Systems and Analysis of Milk Value Chain and Quality in Bishoftu and Akaki Towns, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
    (2017-04) Dessalegn Genzebu; Berhan Tamir
    The study was conducted from March, 2014 to June, 2016 in Bishoftu and Akaki town’s smallholder dairy farms to investigate the dairy cattle performance, husbandry practice, milk value chain, raw milk quality and major constraints. Totally, 130 randomly selected smallholder farmers from two towns were included in the study. Data were collected through questionnaire, observation, focused group discussion and milk quality analysis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyze the data. About 74.6% of the respondents used stall feeding and 25.4% stall feeding with limited grazing. Major sources of feeds were natural pasture, crop residue, conserved hay, industrial byproducts and forages. The housing system was permanent enclosure with roofed kraal. For calf feeding, 68.8% of farmers used bucket feeding, 24.2% used partial suckling and 7% used both methods. Shortage of feed (52.3%), inadequate water supply (20.8%), space limitation (4.6%) and diseases (2.3%) were identified as major constraints in both Bishoftu and Akaki smallholder dairy farms. The mean of age at first service, age at first calving, calving interval, daily milk yield, total lactation milk yield and lactation length was 18.7±3.7months, 27.0±3.7months, 13.0±2.1months, and 11.6±3.1liters per d/cow, 3208.56±108.81litres and 276.6±35.1days, respectively in Bishoftu. The mean of age at first service, age at first calving, calving interval, daily milk yield, total lactation milk yield and lactation length was 18.7±3.5 months, 26.9±5.4 months, 13.8±1.9 months and10.8±2.4 liters per d/cow, 3031.56±46.32 litres and 280.7±19.3 days, respectively in Akaki town. Overall mean of raw milk quality for pH, freezing point, density, added water, acidity, fat, protein, SNF, total solid, lactose and ash contents were 6.66±0.04,- 0.55±0.03, 1.028±0.002, 2.80±3.60, 0.176±0.01, 3.60±0.53, 3.27±0.15, 7.78±0.41, 11.38±0.78, 3.93±0.25 and 0.62±0.05, respectively in the value chain points. The quality of raw milk obtained from the study areas were significantly different (P<0.05) except fat and lactose. Total bacteria count/ml of raw milk from milk producers (MP), milk collectors (MC) and milk processing plants (MPP) were 7.01±1.02 log10 cfu/ml,7.50±0.51 log10 cfu/ml, and 8.16±0.68 log10 cfu/ml, respectively and it was statistically different (P<0.05). The coliform counts/ml of raw milk found from MP, MC and MPP were 5.66±1.71, 6.81±0.81 and 6.75±0.96 log10 cfu/ml, respectively. The somatic cell count found from MP, MC and MPP were 4.90±2.04, 5.64±0.57 and 5.71±0.55 log10 sc/ml, respectively. Acidity percentage from MP, MC and MPP were 0.176±0.02, 0.175±0.01 and 0.175±0.01, respectively. Value chain actors identified include input suppliers, producers, milk collectors, processors and consumers. About 48.5% farmers deliver their milk to collection centers, 13.1% to hotels, restaurants and cafes, and 12.3% to processing plants, 11.5% to retail shops, (12.3%) neighborhood customers and (2.3%)consume at home. Low milk price, lack of access to adequate markets and lack of infrastructures hindered them from channeling their milk. It can be concluded from this study that crossbred dairy cattle kept by smallholder farmers in Bishoftu and Akaki towns contributes to the household welfare in terms of income generation. To reach a conclusive dairy husbandry practices, value chin and quality analysis estimates, it is recommended to conduct research in multidisciplinary and controlled experiments.
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    On-Farm Phenotypic Characterization of Arado Cattle Breed in North West Zone of Tigray ,Ethiopia
    (Debre Zeit, 2009-06) Dessalegn Genzebu; H/Mariam Mekonnen
    The study was conducted in North West zone of Tigray (Asgede-Tsimbla, Medebay-Zana and Tahatay-Koraro districts) which is the main tract of Arado cattle breed in Northern Ethiopia from October 2008 to March 2009. To study the probable distribution pattern, husbandry practice, to characterize morphologically and to characterize in terms of productive and reproductive performance of the Arado cattle breed. Smallholders and Arado cattle breeds kept by them were represented the study population. This research was basically a retrospective and cross-sectional survey focused on the selected area. A total of 279 households were taken for the study using simple random sampling procedures and all Arado cattle owned by the 279 households were included in the morphometric study. Formal surveys were carried out with the help of standard; questionnaire, group discussions field observation, morphometric measurements and secondary data collection were employed to obtain data. Statistical procedures for social sciences (SPSS) software were applied to analyze the data. In the studied woredas, farmers follow extensive mixed farming system (crop and livestock production). The colours observed were: red, followed by red and white and black and white. The female Arado cattle linear body measurements; height at withers. body length. chest girth, hom length, peh'ic width and neck length were 107, 103,138. 19.6. 31.6 and 38.4 cm respectively. Dewlap width. canon bone circumference. tail length, and ear length were 20.4,13.4.71.2, and 18.7cm respecti\'e1y. The naval flap and teats average mean yalues were 2.5cm and 2.9cm. respectively. The estimated overall mean values for chest girth. body length. height at \\ither and calmon bone length of the male cattle breed were 144.6. 108.4. 115.6. and 20,S cm respectively. Pelvic width. ear length. face length. hom length tail length. and dev,lap \\"idth found to be 32.4. 20.1. 40.5. 22.2. 72.--+ and 21. 7 cm respecti\'ely. Almost all the \'ariables had not significant (p > 0.05) difference e:\cept chest girth and hom length. Chest gil1h and horn length were significantly (p < 0.05) different among the woredas. The o\'erall average milk yield from Arado cows v,as 1.7±0.03 liters/head/day. The estimated average lactation milk yield per cow was 3 n liters O\'er an a\'erage lactation period 7.3 months. The oyerall mean calf crop number for the Arado cows was 4.6±0.06 heads and had not significant \'a riation among the \\oredas. The average repol1ed lactation length of Arado cow v,as 7.3±0.05 months with sign ificance difference (P < 0.05) among the woredas. The lactation length of animals in the study area depends mostly on the feed 3\'ailability. The estimated oyerall mean (±SE) age at puberty was reported to be 41.2 and 39.8 moths respectively in female and male cattle. The mean were significant (P ~ 0.05) variations among the woredas in age at puberty (AP) in male and female. Overall mean age at first calving was 56.9±0.37months and calving interval (el) was 21.6±0.25 months. There were also significant (P ~ 0.05) variations among the woredas age at first calving and calving intervals. The study revealed further, molecular characterization of Arado cattle to determine their genetic constitution.