Browsing by Author "Biruk Tesfaye"

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    Antimicrobial Resistance Test of Salmonella Isolates from Milk and Fecal Samples of Apparently Healthy Dairy Cattle in Debrezeit
    (2014-06) Yemisrach Mulugeta; Biruk Tesfaye
    A cross sectional study to determine the antimicrobial profile of salmonella isolated from milk and fecal samples of apparently healthy cattle found in dairy farms of Debrezeit was undertaken from November 2013- April 2014. A total of 296 samples (148 fecal and milk each) were collected and processed in college of veterinary medicine and agriculture debrezeit. The overall prevalence of salmonella was found to be 12.8%. Prevalence of 2.0 and 10.8% was observed from milk and fecal samples respectively. The isolates were tested for the effect of 11 antimicrobial by disk diffusion technique they have indicated 89.5%, 100%, 42.1%, 63.3%, 15.8%, 10.5%, 31.6%,42.1%, 52.6% resistant to amoxacyline, tetracycline and gentamycin, kanamycin, trimetoprim, streptomycin, cotrimoxazol, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and cefoxitin respectively no resistance has been found for ciprofloxacin. However no statistical difference (P>0.05) was observed between milk and fecal samples. Totally 8 Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) pattern were also observed. The highest MDR was for three antibiotics with the combination Amc, Te, Cn being more frequent. In general MDR to three, seven and eight antibiotics dominate the resistance patterns (31.6%, and 21.1% each). From this study we conclude that milk can be a potential source of drug resistant salmonella infection and multidrug resistance is developing due to unmonitored and inappropriate use of drugs in dairy farm which needs due consideration as it affects the dairy industry and the people at large.
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    Comparing Hemodynamic Response to Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion Versus Endotracheal Tube Intubation in Surgical Patients A Prospective cohort Study, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Eyerusalem Sisay; Biruk Tesfaye
    Effective airway management is essential in anesthesia, with endotracheal intubation (ETI) widely regarded as the standard technique. However, ETI is associated with significant hemodynamic responses due to sympathetic stimulation during laryngoscopy, which may pose risks, particularly in patients with cardiovascular compromise. Laryngeal mask airways (LMAs) offer a less invasive alternative and are increasingly used in clinical practice. Despite their growing adoption, limited evidence exists comparing the hemodynamic effects of LMA insertion versus ETI in surgical patients
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    Comparison of Postoperative Analgesic Effectiveness of Erector Spinae Plane Block vs Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Elective Breast Surgery Under General Anesthesia in Selected Governmental Hospital, Addis Ababa; Prospective Cohort Study, December 20 -April 30, 2022/23
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-07-19) Getnet Gashaw; Biruk Tesfaye
    Breast surgery is one of the most common types of surgery done worldwide. Inadequate postoperative analgesia leads to serious medical problems.TPVB has been a commonly used nerve block technique for post-surgical analgesia for breast surgery. ESPB the recently introduced nerve block method for providing anti-pain after mastectomy is safer, easily performed, and provides an adequate level of sensory blockage Objective: The objective of this research thesis was to compare postoperative analgesic effectiveness of erector spinae plane block vs thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery, in selected governmental hospitals of Addis Ababa; a comparative prospective cohort study,2022/2023. Methods: After ethical committee approval, a prospective cohort study was conducted among 66 patients who undergo breast surgery from December 20-2022 to April 30, 2023. Data were collected by structured questionnaire and collected data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and transported to SPSS version 25. Categorical data were analyzed by chi-square while Continuous data were analyzed by student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for parametric & non-parametric data respectively. Data were reported by mean and standard deviation , median and inter-quartile range (IQR) based on data normality. 80% power and 95% Confidence. Results were considered as statistical significant when p value is <0.05 Result:-A total of 33 patients were involved with 100% response rate shows that the mean duration of 1st analgesic request time was significantly longer in the ESPB group (7.36 ±1.168hr) compared to the thoracic paravertebral group(6.61±1.321 hr) with a p-value of 0.016. Total postoperative analgesic consumption and pain severity score were comparable across the group with p-value >0.05. Conclusion & recommendation:-ESPB provides prolonged postoperative analgesia for breast surgery and using it as a postoperative pain management plan improves patient satisfaction compared with TPVB.We would like to recommend setups that lack strong opioids for postoperative pain management should do ESPB for elective breast surgery as a post-operative pain management plan.
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    Factors Contributing to Tax Evasion: the Case of Small and Medium Enterprises in Addis Ababa City Administration
    (A.A.U, 2023-12-04) Biruk Tesfaye; P. Laxmikantham
    The study's objective was to determine the elements that influence tax evasion in Addis Ababa’s Small and Medium Enterprises. In addition to using purposive and stratified sample procedures, the research used both descriptive and explanatory research designs. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect the primary data for the study, and it was then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Just 310 out of the 371 surveys questionnaires that were collected from randomly chosen taxpayers were fully completed, returned, and used in the research. The study's findings demonstrated that tax evasion is positively and significantly impacted by the negative attitudes of taxpayers regarding taxes, the cost of tax compliance, and corruption. Yet, tax knowledge, tax fairness, and tax fines and enforcements each have a negative and significant impact on tax evasion. The most positive and substantial impact on tax evasion is caused by negative attitudes of taxpayers regarding taxes from the six predictor factors. The study then made the suggestion that in order to reduce the expense of tax compliance, the tax authority should make sure the tax system is clear and straightforward. The study also recommended that the government use taxpayer funds wisely and transparently, communicate with taxpayers about tax programs to promote the benefits of paying taxes in order to improve tax compliance and reduce tax evasion, in order to change the negative attitude developed by taxpayers toward tax.
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    A Study on Major Enteropathogens of Calf Diarrhoea in Dairy Farms of Assela and Its Surroundings Arsi Zone Oromya Region, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Yaekob Belay; Biruk Tesfaye
    The proportion of major entheropathogens in diarrheic calves was investigated in 26 small, medium and large scale dairy farms of Assela during six months. A total of 108 fecal and sera samples were collected from diarrheic calves up to 4 months of age. Of these, the proportions of E. coli, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium and Giardia detected were 55(50.9%), 42(38.9%), 23(21.3%) and 8(7.4%), respectively. Salmonella Typhimurium was also detected in 3(2.8%) of the sera samples. The most abundant biotype was biotype V, at the rate of 9(56.2%), which fermented the sugars dulcitol, inositol and rhamnose which is possibly ETEC. Biotype VIII, at the rate of 4(3.7%), which fermented dulcitol, rhamnose and xylose might be EPEC. The result of individual and concurrent enteropathogen infections with associated risk factors showed differences in the rate of occurrences of diarrhoea. Considering the complexity of etiologies in calf diarrhoea, further studies are needed to design proper control and preventive measures relevant to the country.