Browsing by Author "Biruk Tesfaye"

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    A Comparative Study on Bacterial Distribution in the Respiratory Tracts of Ruminants
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-06-01) Biruk Tesfaye; Tesfaye Sisay
    For this study pneumonic lung tissue and tracheal swabs were collected from sheep, goat and cattle slaughtered at Addis Ababa abattoir. From the total of 170 bacterial isolates from sheep lung tissue 42.4% Staphylococcus species, 14.7% Mannheimia haemolytica and 10.6% Bacillus species were isolated aerobically. The tracheal cultures also indicate that 66.7% were M. haemolytica, 13% were Bibersteinia trehalosi and 5.8% were identified as Enterobcter species from the total of 69 cultures that cultured aerobically. Out of 192 bacteria isolated from aerobic inoculation of goat lung 45.3% were Staphylococcus species followed by Bacillus species 19.8%, Micrococcus species, 12.5% and M. haemolytica 6.3% of the total isolates. The tracheal culture showed Enterobacter species 30.1 %, M. haemolytica 27.7% and Bacillus species 26.5%. Twenty-nine Staphylococcus species were among 93 bacterial isolates of aerobic cultures of cattle lung followed by Bacillus species, 17 and M. haemolytica, 8. While Staphylococcus, B. trehalosi, and M. haemolytica were account for 18, 14, and 8 out of the total 57 tracheal cultures respectively. A total of 522 bacterial isolates were detected via anaerobic culture, in which 40% of the 131 isolates from sheep lung were Staphylococcus species, 25.4% were M. haemolytica, and 6.2% were Bacillus species while B. trehalosi and Micrococcus species took 5.4% each from the total isolates. Whereas, 60.6% M. haemolytica , 19.7% B. trehalosi and 12.7% Enterobacter species were isolated from a total of 71 sheep trachea culture isolates. Among anaerobic cultures of goat lung tissue Staphylococcus species accounts for 36% followed by Bacillus species, 25.6% and M. haemolytica 11.2% out of the total 125 bacterial species. In the tracheal culture M. haemolytica counts for 33 followed by Bacillus species, 14 and Enterobacter species, 7 from 61 isolates. 42.9% Staphylococcus, 23.4% Bacillus species and 7.8% B. trehalosi were isolated species from the lung of the cattle, while from the trachea 25.0% M. haemloiytica and Staphylococcus each were isolated anaerobically. A total of 1556 bacteria were isolated from 960 nasal swabs from three different areas. In Debre Berhan 140 M. haemolytica, 81 Histophilus somni, 57 Staphylococcus species and 52 B. trehalosi were isolated. While from Gimba M. haemolytica, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and H. Somni of which contribute for 25.2%, 15.9%, 11.4 % and 5.9% of the total 647 bacterial species were observed respectively. In Asella from 352 bacterial species isolated 93 were M. haemolytica, 48 were Staphylococcus species, 26 were B. trehalosi and 17 H. somni were recognized. Further identification and characterization was made using BIOLOG identification system at the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Addis Ababa, and the result indicate that Enterococcus avium and Sphingomona Sanguinis were identified at 100% probability, while. H.somni and Actinobacillus lignerisii were suggested by the system
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    Aerobic Bacterial Isolates, Incidence Rate and the Associated Risk Factors of Heifer Mastitis in and around Debre-Libanos Woreda, North Showa, Oromia, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Daniel Fisseha; Biruk Tesfaye
    Mastitis is a major disease in dairy cattle of Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to identify aerobic bacterial pathogens, estimate the incidence of mastitis, identify the associated risk factors and assess drug resistance patterns of bacterial isolates in heifers mastitis. The study was conducted for eight months and a total of 124 quarters were examined to detect clinical mastitis and subclinical mastitis by udder physical examinations and the California mastitis test (CMT) respectively. California mastitis test positive milk samples were used to isolate and identify bacteria. The study revealed that the incidence rate of mastitis per gland month at risk was 39.45%. The incidence of mastitis was found to be affected by management system, udder hygiene, dry cow therapy and lactation stage (p < 0.05). The percentage of CMT positive glands that remained positive after a month and the percentage of CMT negative glands that remained negative after a month were 57.14% and 79.91% respectively. Staphylococcus aureus (25.11%), Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) [14.70%] and Streptococcus species (14.70%) were the predominant bacteria. In the present study, out of eight in vitro antimicrobials used; gentamycine (0%), kenamycin (0%), ampicillin (62%), penicillin G (89%), chloramphinicol (8%), Cefoxitin (16%), tetracycline (84%) and trimethoprim (8%), showed resistance to heifer mastitis pathogens. Gentamycine and chloramphinicol were the most effective antibiotics among all the tested ones. Finally due to the high resistance level detected in the study, it was believed that it is necessary to set up antimicrobial resistance surveillance programmes in the country. It was also concluded that the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus warrants serious attention, the application of antibacterial agents earlier before calving may help to reduce the incidence of mastitis during the early lactation period.
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    Antimicrobial and Bacteria Cultivative Value of Moringa Olifera Leaf Extract in Selected Animal Pathogens
    (2014-06) Addisu Demeke; Biruk Tesfaye
    The research was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial effect of various forms of the leaf extracts (Moringa oleifera) on the growth of four selected gram-positive and negative bacteria and to evaluate the bacterial cultivated value of the extract.The antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam., was determined in vitro, using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined against selected animal pathogenic bacteria. M. oleiferaleave extract has been found to possess antimicrobial properties. In this work, four extraction solvents were used, i.e. aqueous extraction, fresh leave juice, ethanol and methanol. The methanol extract method of fresh and dried leaves displayed potential broad spectrum activity against all the tested organisms whereas the fresh leave juice extract which didn’t have any inhibitory effect were evaluated for its bacterial cultivated value and it was obtained that the power form of this extract was optimal environment for the growth of both gram positive and gram negative selected bacteria. The antimicrobial assay showed that the zones of inhibition produced using disc diffusion method ranged 3mm to 22mm for the four extraction methods with the highest value of 22mm obtained with ethanol extraction. The zones of inhibition for fresh ethanol extract was 4 to 22 mm, methanol extract from fresh leaf was 8 to 20 mm, and hot and cold water extract of fresh and dried leaves was 8 to 9,8 to 10,3 to 4 and 3 to 5 mm respectively. The MIC values were conducted for the different form of extracts against the tested bacterial pathogens and the highest concentration was recorded 25mg/ml for S.auerus while it was 30 mg/ml for S.fecalis. The bacterial cultivated value of M.oleifera powder extract of fresh leaf juice was determined by cultivating the four tested pathogens on the culture medium which was prepared from the plant extract with the proper concentration of agar powder in sterile distilled water and it was revealed that all the pathogens were successfully grown on it. The consequences of this investigation suggest that the extracts and juice of M.oleifera Lam. can be used to discover antibacterial agent for developing new pharmaceuticals to control animal pathogenic bacteria responsible for severe illness.
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    Antimicrobial Resistance Test of Salmonella Isolates from Milk and Fecal Samples of Apparently Healthy Dairy Cattle in Debrezeit
    (2014-06) Yemisrach Mulugeta; Biruk Tesfaye
    A cross sectional study to determine the antimicrobial profile of salmonella isolated from milk and fecal samples of apparently healthy cattle found in dairy farms of Debrezeit was undertaken from November 2013- April 2014. A total of 296 samples (148 fecal and milk each) were collected and processed in college of veterinary medicine and agriculture debrezeit. The overall prevalence of salmonella was found to be 12.8%. Prevalence of 2.0 and 10.8% was observed from milk and fecal samples respectively. The isolates were tested for the effect of 11 antimicrobial by disk diffusion technique they have indicated 89.5%, 100%, 42.1%, 63.3%, 15.8%, 10.5%, 31.6%,42.1%, 52.6% resistant to amoxacyline, tetracycline and gentamycin, kanamycin, trimetoprim, streptomycin, cotrimoxazol, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and cefoxitin respectively no resistance has been found for ciprofloxacin. However no statistical difference (P>0.05) was observed between milk and fecal samples. Totally 8 Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR) pattern were also observed. The highest MDR was for three antibiotics with the combination Amc, Te, Cn being more frequent. In general MDR to three, seven and eight antibiotics dominate the resistance patterns (31.6%, and 21.1% each). From this study we conclude that milk can be a potential source of drug resistant salmonella infection and multidrug resistance is developing due to unmonitored and inappropriate use of drugs in dairy farm which needs due consideration as it affects the dairy industry and the people at large.
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    Comparing Hemodynamic Response to Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion Versus Endotracheal Tube Intubation in Surgical Patients A Prospective cohort Study, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2025-06) Eyerusalem Sisay; Biruk Tesfaye
    Effective airway management is essential in anesthesia, with endotracheal intubation (ETI) widely regarded as the standard technique. However, ETI is associated with significant hemodynamic responses due to sympathetic stimulation during laryngoscopy, which may pose risks, particularly in patients with cardiovascular compromise. Laryngeal mask airways (LMAs) offer a less invasive alternative and are increasingly used in clinical practice. Despite their growing adoption, limited evidence exists comparing the hemodynamic effects of LMA insertion versus ETI in surgical patients
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    Comparison of Postoperative Analgesic Effectiveness of Erector Spinae Plane Block vs Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Elective Breast Surgery Under General Anesthesia in Selected Governmental Hospital, Addis Ababa; Prospective Cohort Study, December 20 -April 30, 2022/23
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-07-19) Getnet Gashaw; Biruk Tesfaye
    Breast surgery is one of the most common types of surgery done worldwide. Inadequate postoperative analgesia leads to serious medical problems.TPVB has been a commonly used nerve block technique for post-surgical analgesia for breast surgery. ESPB the recently introduced nerve block method for providing anti-pain after mastectomy is safer, easily performed, and provides an adequate level of sensory blockage Objective: The objective of this research thesis was to compare postoperative analgesic effectiveness of erector spinae plane block vs thoracic paravertebral block for breast surgery, in selected governmental hospitals of Addis Ababa; a comparative prospective cohort study,2022/2023. Methods: After ethical committee approval, a prospective cohort study was conducted among 66 patients who undergo breast surgery from December 20-2022 to April 30, 2023. Data were collected by structured questionnaire and collected data were entered into Epi data version 3.1 and transported to SPSS version 25. Categorical data were analyzed by chi-square while Continuous data were analyzed by student t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for parametric & non-parametric data respectively. Data were reported by mean and standard deviation , median and inter-quartile range (IQR) based on data normality. 80% power and 95% Confidence. Results were considered as statistical significant when p value is <0.05 Result:-A total of 33 patients were involved with 100% response rate shows that the mean duration of 1st analgesic request time was significantly longer in the ESPB group (7.36 ±1.168hr) compared to the thoracic paravertebral group(6.61±1.321 hr) with a p-value of 0.016. Total postoperative analgesic consumption and pain severity score were comparable across the group with p-value >0.05. Conclusion & recommendation:-ESPB provides prolonged postoperative analgesia for breast surgery and using it as a postoperative pain management plan improves patient satisfaction compared with TPVB.We would like to recommend setups that lack strong opioids for postoperative pain management should do ESPB for elective breast surgery as a post-operative pain management plan.
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    Factors Contributing to Tax Evasion: the Case of Small and Medium Enterprises in Addis Ababa City Administration
    (A.A.U, 2023-12-04) Biruk Tesfaye; P. Laxmikantham
    The study's objective was to determine the elements that influence tax evasion in Addis Ababa’s Small and Medium Enterprises. In addition to using purposive and stratified sample procedures, the research used both descriptive and explanatory research designs. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect the primary data for the study, and it was then analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Just 310 out of the 371 surveys questionnaires that were collected from randomly chosen taxpayers were fully completed, returned, and used in the research. The study's findings demonstrated that tax evasion is positively and significantly impacted by the negative attitudes of taxpayers regarding taxes, the cost of tax compliance, and corruption. Yet, tax knowledge, tax fairness, and tax fines and enforcements each have a negative and significant impact on tax evasion. The most positive and substantial impact on tax evasion is caused by negative attitudes of taxpayers regarding taxes from the six predictor factors. The study then made the suggestion that in order to reduce the expense of tax compliance, the tax authority should make sure the tax system is clear and straightforward. The study also recommended that the government use taxpayer funds wisely and transparently, communicate with taxpayers about tax programs to promote the benefits of paying taxes in order to improve tax compliance and reduce tax evasion, in order to change the negative attitude developed by taxpayers toward tax.
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    A Study on Major Enteropathogens of Calf Diarrhoea in Dairy Farms of Assela and its Surroundings Arsi Zone Oromya Region, Ethiopia
    (2014-06) Yaekob Belay; Biruk Tesfaye
    The proportion of major entheropathogens in diarrheic calves was investigated in 26 small, medium and large scale dairy farms of Assela during six months. A total of 108 fecal and sera samples were collected from diarrheic calves up to 4 months of age. Of these, the proportions of E. coli, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium and Giardia detected were 55(50.9%), 42(38.9%), 23(21.3%) and 8(7.4%), respectively. Salmonella Typhimurium was also detected in 3(2.8%) of the sera samples. The most abundant biotype was biotype V, at the rate of 9(56.2%), which fermented the sugars dulcitol, inositol and rhamnose which is possibly ETEC. Biotype VIII, at the rate of 4(3.7%), which fermented dulcitol, rhamnose and xylose might be EPEC. The result of individual and concurrent enteropathogen infections with associated risk factors showed differences in the rate of occurrences of diarrhoea. Considering the complexity of etiologies in calf diarrhoea, further studies are needed to design proper control and preventive measures relevant to the country.