Browsing by Author "Beyan, Nuruye"

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    The United Nations' Responsibility to Protect Civilians from Massive Human Rights Violations in Light of the Intervention in the Libyan Crisis in 2011
    (Addis Ababa University, 2013-01) Beyan, Nuruye; Dawit, Benyam (PhD)
    The international community was criticized when it decided to int ervene, as in Somalia, Bosnia and Ko sovo, and when it did not interven e as in Rwanda. It wa s aga in st thi s background th at Kofi Annan argued, in September 1999 , in the defense of the individual soverei gnty over state sove reignty. He asked, ' if humanitari an inter vention i s an una cceptab le attac k on sovereignty, how can we respond to cases as Rwanda or Srebrenica?' In this sense, with th e recovery of Francis Deng's 1996 "sovereignty as re spons ibility" concept, it wou ld be po ss ible to abrogate the ca tego rical imp erative of traditional sovereignty; allowing the international community to intervene when the state fai ls in it s responsibility to protect it s people against genocide, ethnic clea ns in g, crimes of war and again st humanity. The study looks at the creation, development and eventual adoption of the ' responsibility to protect' (R2P) norm, from an idea promulgated in the 1990s to the development of the norm, and to the eventual adoption of a heavil y restricted yet poignant principle at the 2005 World Summit. There is considerable debate over the statu s and scope of the Re sp on sibility to Protect. On balance, mo st observe rs a nd states believe that it rema ins a political cOlmni tment and has not yet ac quired legal force . The purpose of this stu dy is to criticall y examin e the UN's responsibility to protect civilians in light of the intervention in th e 20 II Libyan crisi s. The re sponsibility to protect has been central in the d iscuss ion of how to dea l with th e Arab sp ring re vo lts that gave rise to c ivil war in Libya. In Libya, with the help of an UN auth orized NATO intervention, th e Gaddafi authoritarian regim e ended and the fo nner rebel forces are no w leading the transitional pro cess. Taking in to account the events in Libya, many ha ve que stioned whether th e concept ofR2P was used not only to protect civi li ans, but a lso to fulfill a des ire, from the beginning of the mis sion, for regime change. However, th e study a rgu ed th at it was very difficult to enforce the very intents and objectives of Re so lution 1973, because it was obvio us enough that Gad dafi was prepared to con tinue to slaugh ter his people in a civil war to retain power. Thu s, even if some argue d that the NATO interven tion in Libya acted beyond Resolution 1973, neverthele ss, the stud y s trongly argued that the intervening forces have indeed stopped Gaddafi from marching on Benghazi and saved thousands of li ves. Keywords: Lib ya, UN Reso lu tion, C ivilians, th e Re spon sibility to Protect.
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    The United Nations' Responsibility to Protect Civilians From Massive Human Rights Violations in Light of the Intervention in the Libyan Crisis in 2011
    (Addis Ababa University, 2013-01) Beyan, Nuruye; Dawit, Benyam (PhD)
    The international community was criticized when it decided to intervene, as in Somalia, Bosnia and Kosovo, and when it did not intervene as in Rwanda. It was against this background that Kofi Annan argued, in September 1999, in the defense of the individual sovereignty over state sovereignty. He asked, 'if humanitarian intervention is an unacceptable attack on sovereignty, how can we respond to cases as Rwanda or Srebrenica?' In this sense, with the recovery of Francis Deng's 1996 "sovereignty as responsibility" concept, it would be possible to abrogate the categorical imperative of traditional sovereignty; allowing the international community to intervene when the state fails in its responsibility to protect its people against genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes of war and against humanity. The study looks at the creation, development and eventual adoption of the 'responsibility to protect' (R2P) nonn, from an idea promulgated in the 1990s to the development of the norm, and to the eventual adoption of a heavily restricted yet poignant principle at the 2005 World Summit. There is considerable debate over the status and scope of the Responsibility to Protect. On balance, most observers and states believe that it remains a political commitment and has not yet acquired legal force. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the UN's responsibility to protect civilians in light of the intervention in the 20 II Libyan crisis. The responsibility to protect has been central in the discussion of how to deal with the Arab spring revolts that gave rise to civil war in Libya. In Libya, with the help of an UN authorized NATO intervention, the Gaddafi authoritarian regime ended and the former rebel fo rces are now leading the transitional process. Taking in to account the events in Libya, many have questioned whether the concept ofR2P was used not only to protect civilians, but also to fulfill a desire, from the beginning of the mission, for regime change. However, the study argued that it was very difficult to enforce the very intents and objectives of Resolution 1973, because it was obvious enough that Gaddafi was prepared to continue to slaughter his people in a civil war to retain power. Thus, even if some argued that the NATO intervention in Libya acted beyond Resolution 1973, nevertheless, the study strongly argued that the intervening forces have indeed stopped Gaddafi from marching on Benghazi and saved thousands of lives. Keywords: Libya, UN Resolution, Civilians, the Responsibility to Protect.
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    The United Nations’ Responsibility to Protect Civilians from Massive Human Rights Violations in Light of the Intervention in the Libyan Crisis in 2011
    (Addis Ababa University, 2013-01) Beyan, Nuruye; Dawit, Benyam (PhD)
    The international community was criticized when it decided to intervene, as in Somalia, Bosnia and Kosovo, and when it did not intervene as in Rwanda. It was against this background that Kofi Annan argued, in September 1999, in the defense of the individual sovereignty over state sovereignty. He asked, ‘if humanitarian intervention is an unacceptable attack on sovereignty, how can we respond to cases as Rwanda or Srebrenica?’ In this sense, with the recovery of Francis Deng’s 1996 “sovereignty as responsibility” concept, it would be possible to abrogate the categorical imperative of traditional sovereignty, allowing the international community to intervene when the state fails in its responsibility to protect its people against genocide, ethnic cleansing, crimes of war and against humanity. The study looks at the creation, development and eventual adoption of the ‘responsibility to protect’ (R2P) norm, from an idea promulgated in the 1990s to the development of the norm, and to the eventual adoption of a heavily restricted yet poignant principle at the 2005 World Summit. There is considerable debate over the status and scope of the Responsibility to Protect. On balance, most observers and states believe that it remains a political commitment and has not yet acquired legal force. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the UN’s responsibility to protect civilians in light of the intervention in the 2011 Libyan crisis. The responsibility to protect has been central in the discussion of how to deal with the Arab spring revolts that gave rise to civil war in Libya. In Libya, with the help of an UN authorized NATO intervention, the Gaddafi authoritarian regime ended and the former rebel forces are now leading the transitional process. Taking in to account the events in Libya, many have questioned whether the concept of R2P was used not only to protect civilians, but also to fulfill a desire, from the beginning of the mission, for regime change. However, the study argued that it was very difficult to enforce the very intents and objectives of Resolution 1973, because it was obvious enough that Gaddafi was prepared to continue to slaughter his people in a civil war to retain power. Thus, even if some argued that the NATO intervention in Libya acted beyond Resolution 1973, nevertheless, the study strongly argued that the intervening forces have indeed stopped Gaddafi from marching on Benghazi and saved thousands of lives. Keywords: Libya, UN Resolution, Civilians, the Responsibility to Protect