Browsing by Author "Asrat, Daniel"

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    Determinants of Donor Fund Utilization: The Case of Public Sector Capacity Building Program (Pscap) Fund in Implementing Sectors of Oromia National Regional State
    (Addis Ababa University, 2015-10) Asrat, Daniel; Ahmed, Tufail (Prof)
    The study was aimed to examine the determinants of donor funds utilization specifically PSCAP fund in implementing Sector of Oromia National Regional State. This study adopted a descriptive research design. Descriptive survey examines a situation as it is and yield quantitative information that can be summarized through statistical analyses. The target population was from Procurement, Finance and Property Administration and Internal Audit Departments of all PSCAP program implementing sectors. The sample of respondents was determined using stratified sampling which relies on mere chance to determine who would be selected in the sample and called for random selection in the inclusion of the cases into the sample. Stratification was done based on employees’ technical skills in both Departments of the five implementing sectors. A total of 64 employees out of a sample frame of 127 were selected from Procurement, Finance and Property Administration and Internal Audit Department of the implementing Sectors. This represents 50% of the total sample. Both primary and secondary methods of data collection were used for this study. Primary data was collected from questionnaires distributed to the Finance officers, Procurement Officers, Property Administration officers and Internal Audit officers. The secondary data was obtained from the records. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 20 to assist the researcher in answering the research questions. Descriptive and inferential statics were used for analysis of the research data. The descriptive statics part was analyzed using mean and standard deviation whereas correlation and regression were used from inferential statics. The data was summarized by use of descriptive statistics of the mean and standard deviation. Descriptive statistics aimed to summarize the data set while inferential statistics including correlation and regression analysis used the data collected to make conclusions on the whole population under study. The findings of the study established that there is positive and significant relationship between utilization of PSCAP fund and financial management and managerial factors (r=0.786 & 0.611, n=64, p=.000) as P<0.05 respectively. However, technical factors had negative, weak and insignificant relationship with PSCAP fund utilization(r= -0.091, n=64, p=0.476) as P > 005. The study also revealed that the three key factors: financial management, technical and managerial factors have significant effect on PSCAP fund utilization (β1, β2, β3= 0.647, -0.143, 0.348; p-value = 0.000, 0.036 & 0.000) which is less than α = 0.05) respectively. The study recommends that implementing sectors have to work towards improvements that will make the three determinants favorable to utilization of PSCAP fund. Key words: Financial management factors, Technical factors, Managerial factors
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    Studies on Enteric Campylobacteriosis in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 1993-08) Asrat, Daniel; Ekwall, Erik(PhD); Hathaway, Audrey (PhD)
    Between February 1992 and January 1993 Campylabaeter species were isolated from 86 (13.6%) of 630 patients with diarrhoea at Tikur Anbassa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In the same study population, shigellae were found in 11.7% and salmonellae in 3.8%. Of the 345 paediatric patients, 72 (20.8%) and 13 (17.1 %) of the 76 controls less than 2 years of age had EPEC in their stools. No Yersinia enteroeolitiea was isolated. Campylobaeter species were found in all age groups, but the majority were isolated from children less than five years of age (68.6%). Only 2 (0.9%) of 220 controls had eampylobaeter in their stools. Of the campylobaeters that were differentiated at species level, C. j ejuni accounted for 82.4% and C. coli for 17.6% of the isolates. Serotyping of each strain was done, according to the methods of Lior, using 16 antisera against heat labile antigens; 89.3% of the C. jejuni and 75% of the C. coli were typeable. Lior serotypes 1, 2, 4. 5. 6 and 7 were the most common among the C. jejuni, while Lior serotypes I and 2 were dominant among the C.eoli isolates. These serotypes accounted for 63.2% of all isolates. More patients (53.1 %) presented for investigation of diarrhoea during the months of April through July but there was no significant difference in the isolation frequency of the enteric pathogens studied throughout the year. Concomitant isolation of Shigella or Salmonella species was achieved in 12 of the Campylobaeter infected patients. In general, eampylobaeter diaIThoea is not a severe disease . The most common symptoms and signs were watery diarrhoea in 82.4%, low grade fever in 78.4% and frequent vomiting in 45.9%. Dehydration ranging from mild to severe was observed in 25.4% of the 55 children with campylobaeter infections. VitI Of the 55 children 67.2% had signs of malnutrition and most of them (47.2%) were underweight. The antibiogram for 85 strains of the campylobacters isolated showed that all strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin, sulphonamide and tetracycline. All of the strains were resistant to cephalothin, while 51 (60.0%) and 50 (58.8%) strains were resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprimsulphamethoxazole, respectively. This study indicates that campylobacters are an important cause of diarrhoea both in adults and children in Addis Ababa, and should be considered routinely in the diagnosis of patients with diarrhoea.
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    Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital
    (Addis Ababa Universty, 2005-06) Assefa, Addisu; Asrat, Daniel
    Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common complication of pregnancy. In the majority of the patients, infection appears to be confined to thc lower urinary tract. It may be asymptomatic (asymptomatic bacteriuria), or symptomatic (acute cystitis). All pregnant women, therefore, should have their urine cultured at t heir first visit tot he clinic. T he aim 0 f this study w as to detelmine the prevalence of UTI in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of T ASH, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial uropathogens. A cross-sectional study was conducted on urine specimens collccted from pregnant women attending antenatal clinic of T ASH. Four hundred fourteen pregnant women comprising asymptomatic pregnant women (n=369) and symptomatic prcgnant women (n=4S) were investigated for urinary tract infection from January to March 200S. The age ranges of both groups were 18-44 years, with mean age of 27.1 and 2S.1 years in asymptomatic group and in symptomatic group respectively. Bacteriological screening of mid-stream urine specimen revealed that 3 91}69 (10.6%) and 9/45 (20%) had significant bacteriuria in asymptomatic and symptomatic group, respectively. Thc difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The overall prevalence 0 furinary tract infection was 4 8/414 (11.6%). Symptoms did not associate with the prevalence of symptomatic urinary tract infection. Prevalence of urinary tract infection was significantly associated with past history of urinary tract and maternal educational level (p <0.05). Maternal age, marital status, family monthly income, parity, duration of pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus and urologic disease or structural 1 functional abnollllalities of urinary tract had no significant association with the prevalence of urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Using urinc culture as gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of pyuria in detecting urinary tract infection were 70.8%, 87.2%, 42%, and 9S.6% in overall subjects. The bacterial pathogens isolated were predominantly E. coli 22 (44%), followed by S. aurells 10 (20%), coagulase-negative staphylococci 8 (16%), and K. plleulJlolliae 4 (8%). Others found in small numbers included Envil1ia spp., P. lJIirabilis, P. aemgillosa, A. baulJlallllllii, Ellterococcus spp., and non-Group A B-hemolytic streptococcus accounting for (2%), each. T he l' ates 0 f susceptibility 0 ft he G ramnegatives to antibacterial agents tested ranged from 30-93.3%. Among the Gram-negative more than 65% of the isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (70%), trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole (73.3%), chloramphenicol (83.3%), nitrofurantoin (87.7%), gentamicin (93.3%), and kanamycin (93.3%). Gram-negative bacteria showed a high rate of resistance to ampicillin, and cephalothin (70%), each. The rates of susceptibility of Gram-positives ranged from 20-100%. Among the Gram-positives, morc than 55% of the isolates were sensitive to kanamycin (60%), trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole (65%), chloramphenicol (70%), erythromycin (80%), gentamicin (85%), cephalothin (95%), amoxicillin + clavulanic acid (100%), and nitrofurantoin (100%). They, however, showed high rate of resistance to kanamycin (40%), penicillin (75%), and ampicillin (80%). Generally, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim + sulphamethoxazole, amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, gentamicin, kanamycin, and nitrofurantoin were the effective drugs in at least 70% of the isolates. There was also high resistance of the isolates to a mpicillin. A bout 3 7/50 (74%) 0 f t hc isolated pathogens 0 r I 8/30 ( 60%) 0 f G ramnegatives and 19120 (95%) of the Gram-positivcs showed resistance to two or more antimicrobial agents. In the present study, there was a relatively higher prevalence of UTI during pregnancy than previous report in Ethiopia. According to the theoretically 20-40% progression of untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria to symptomatic urinary tract infection, the progression in this study could be 2.1 %- 4.2%. For diagnosis of urinary tract infection during pregnancy especially in casc where culture is unavailable, a combination of microscopic urinalysis of significant pyuria and bacteriuria, and other available tests should be practiced than using a single test. Continuous study on a larger scale is recommended in the future in order to monitor any changes in the sensitivity pattems of pathogens causing urinary tract infection in the pregnant women. Keywords: Urinary tract infection, pregnancy, bacteriuria, prevalence, b acterialu ropathogens, antimicrobial sllsceptibility pattern