Browsing by Author "Alemu, Habtamu"

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    Effectiveness of School Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Program: In the case of Assossa Woreda Primary Schools, BGRS, Ethiopia.
    (Addis Ababa University, 2011-05) Alemu, Habtamu; Senbeta, Feyera (PhD)
    School WaSH survey was carried out in the primary schools oj Assossa woreda, BGRS, Ethiopia. It was intended 10 assess the situation and effectiveness of waler supply and sanitation facilities in schools, hygiene awareness of teachers, hygiene knowledge and practice of students and outreachingJamilies. The sludy employed muti-stage sampling lIIelhod and accordingly, 16 schools were selected frOIll the Woreda(35% oj the schools) Jar JacililY siluation analysis, and oj which three schools were selected for in-depth study by drawing sampled slIIdenlS from grades ill, 6'11 and 8'h (1 0% Jrom each grade). About 64 teachers (20% oJ leachers in all salllpled schools) and 166 students (54.2% oj girls) were considered Jar in-depth ' sllrvey. Data were collected by questionnaire, interview, FGD and observation. The dow were analyzed by ellIp/oying statistical melhods and so}iware (SPSS) along with Ihe chi-sqllare tesl. More than 56% oJthe schools did nOI have access to waleI' wilhinlheir cOlllpollnd. About 56.3% oj the schools were not able to gel water all oj the times and 38% oj the schools Ihal were IIsing their waler for drinking p1l11)ose were getting their water mainly from IInprotected sOl/rees. Almost all rural schools (68.7%) were /Ising unprotected water sources (p<0.05) . Sevenly five percenl oj the schools did not make any Irealillent to Iheir water. The Idilel silldeni ralio \I'as 1:98 alld I: 10I(or boys and girls respectively, which is above the limit of national standard. The schools did not have clean toilets (47%), and 33% oj schools have toilets that were slllelly 10 the exlent Ihat made Iheir usage difficult. Only 18.4% oj children were regularly using lalrines Jar deJecalioll. The main JactorsJor irregular use oJloilels were poor cleanness (53.7%) alld 10llg qllelle (55. 1%). More Ihan 62% oj schools had no hand washing Jacilities. Nearly 41% oj SllIden ls were not washing Iheir hands due 10 lack oj water sllpplies in their schools, and only 21.7% oj boys alld 12% oj girls were using school toilels regularly. More Ihan 18% oj studems Jaced diarrhoea this year at least once and 15% oj the cases were absent ji-om school al leaslJor olie day dlle 10 Ihe illness. Despite the difference in' location (urban v rural), students had Ihe same problem at all schools. Hand washing behavior oj studems a}ier deJecation was poor . .The absence 0/ desired behaviors was steamedfi'om lack of knowledge and facilities/resollrces 10 support learl1ed behaviors. Almost all schools had no mainlenance plan Jar their WSS Jacililies. Knowledge and attitllde oj stlle/ents were significantly different across school localities (low in 1'111'01). AI leasl 58. 1%,26% & 68.4% oj students in Selamber, Hoha No.4 and Nigat responded respecliveiy Ihat hands should be washed a}ier deJecation, and beJore eOlingJoods andji-lliis (p< 0.01). There was aFagile and signi(icC/ll/ly varied knowledge & attitude of students among different grade levels towards the cleanness 0/ clear water and critical times to lVash hands. More than 20% of the sampled students confirmed 10 eat less food when they caught with diarrhea (p<0.05). Nearly 96% oJstudents claillled 10 wash hands wilh no visible dirl and 31.8% aJstlldents said Ihat clear waleI' is always clean. More than 73% o/teachers mel1lioned that they did nol get any training on school WaSH. The level 0/ allention given by schools and local government for school WaSH was low. Financial capacity, inter-sector .and stakeholder cooperation and harmonizaliqn were also \!ely weak. This study provides baseline illjol"lJIalion jor f uture interventions and reveals fut ure research areas in these schqols for sanitation and hyg iene edllcation program. The results show that sanilation and hygiene conditions oJlhe schools are in lIeed oj appropriale system, dlle attention' and cOllllllitlllelll to ensure effective school WaSH.
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    Investigation of Flooding Problems in Urban Drainage System: The Case at Zenebe Werk in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2017-06) Alemu, Habtamu; Mengiste, Yenesew(PhD)
    Roads are among the basic infrastructures such that drainage structures provided by the sides of roads should be well designed and constructed to the standard and managed properly such that the road serve the intended purposes. The major intention of an urban storm water management system is to guarantee storm water generated from developed catchments causes least nuisance, danger and damage to people, property and the environment. The general objective of this study is to investigate the storm drainage problem of Zenebewerk (located in West Addis Ababa, Ethiopia) and forward problem identification approach with recommendation of possible engineering remedial measures which can be applicable to similar problems in the city. The study area frequently gets flooded with small rain fall intensity and results in traffic congestion, asphalt erosion and inconvenience on the day to day socio economic activity of the society. Primary and secondary data were collected, analyzed and presented using Microsoft-excel, AutoCAD, ArcGIS, tables, graphs and percentages. The catchment that contribute flow was delineated and stream network in the catchment was generated using DEM and the delineation made more precise by field survey. Frequency analysis of rainfall computed using Gumbel and log Pearson Type III probability distribution functions and the later found to fit the actual data using goodness of fit test. Intensity duration curve developed to help analyze rain fall and the consequent peak runoff for different return periods using rational method. Dimensions of the existing drainage structures are checked as a problem identification approach for confirming capacity of the existing drainage structures. The main causes of flooding were found to be surface flows from the study catchment area are not collected and disposed properly; most of the inlets by the sides of the road closed by sediments; cross slopes of the asphalt road are not proper such that asphalt sheet flow does not escape to inlets; and big runoff from neighboring catchment forced to flow upward and discharged over the asphalt. Therefore, for the road to serve the purpose effectively, all the structures including drainage structures provided by the sides of the roads should be well designed and constructed to the standard and managed properly.