Browsing by Author "Ahmed Reja"

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    Active Teaching and Its Influence on Student Academic Achievement - the Case of Grade Three
    (Addis Ababa University, 2004-06) Ahmed Reja; Temechegn Engda
    The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of active teaching method on grade three mathematics achievement. Active teaching (other terms are also synonymously used throughout the paper), as the process-product research approaches explain, refer to teacher behavior in the classroom. Identified with the teaching model, there are thirty four teacher behaviors categorized in five blocks (see Appendix II). The subjects taken for this study were IS grade three mathematics teachers randomly selected from 10 primary schools in Mekelle and their students as well. The students (numbering 808) of these teachers were tested at the beginning and end of the training program. The teachers were randomly assigned to three groups: trained teachers observed while implementing the method, trained teachers but unobserved and untrained teachers who simply taught in their style and hence 5 teachers in each group. Both trained groups (the observed and unobserved teachers) were given a 24- page manual on the teaching model and were also trained for five days lasting two hours each. Then, starting the first week of November they continued to instruct in their regular teaching schedules during the study period. Both the trained observed & untrained teachers were observed three times each spaced nearly a month so as to see to what extent the teaching behaviors suggested in the manual were implemented. The trained unobserved group was simply used to see whether the presence of the observer (video recorder) had an effect to the trained observed teachers. The proportions of implementation of the teaching behaviors by both observed groups were computed using percentages and the impact of these teaching behaviors or the influence of the active teaching model on student achievement at the grade level was analyzed using the t-test. The statistical impact on student achievement was accepted as significant at 0.05 a level or better. Results of the analysis revealed that the proportion of implementation of most of the teaching behaviors was greater in the trained observed teachers than in the untrained teachers. Similarly, posttesting results indicated that students taught by the trained teachers had better mathematics mean scores than students of the untrained teachers and hence could be concluded that active teaching method had an influence on student academic achievement
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    Osteoporosis in Hyperthyroid Patients Without Traditional Risk Factors: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital Endocrinology Clinic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa Universtity, 2025) Mahlet Tadesse; Ahmed Reja
    Hyperthyroidism is associated with adverse skeletal outcomes, including low bone mineral density (BMD) and secondary osteoporosis. However, evidence on the magnitude and predictors of osteoporosis among hyperthyroid patients in Ethiopia is lacking. Objective: To assess the prevalence of osteoporosis and associated factors among hyperthyroid patients attending the Endocrinology Clinic at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 51 hyperthyroid patients selected through census sampling. Data were collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires and clinical records. BMD was measured by DXA scan and fracture risk assessed using the FRAX tool. Binary logistic regression was performed to identify associated factors, with p<0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 51 patients, 37.3% had BMD below the expected range for age, consistent with secondary osteoporosis. The mean Z-score was –1.4. Low BMD was not significantly associated with age, sex, BMI, disease etiology, or treatment regimen. Osteoporosis prevalence was higher among patients with uncontrolled hyperthyroidism (66.7%) than among euthyroid (30.6%) or hypothyroid patients (33.3%). Wayne’s score showed significant correlation with osteoporosis (p=0.035). Vitamin D deficiency and poor dietary diversity were common among osteoporotic patients, but not statistically significant. Multivariable regression did not identify independent predictors. The FRAX tool failed to identify patients within the osteoporotic range. Conclusion: More than one-third of hyperthyroid patients had osteoporosis, independent of traditional risk factors. Routine BMD assessment should be considered in hyperthyroid patients, as the FRAX tool may underestimate fracture risk in this population.