Browsing by Author "Abebe, Hailu"

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    A Comparative Study of First-Person Narrative Technique in Four Amharic Novels
    (Addis Ababa University, 2001-06) Abebe, Hailu; Daniel, Abyie (PhD)
    The main objective rif this paper is to examine the first-person narrative technique. In fact, this technique is not seen used frequently by novel writers in general. According to the assessment rif this researche~Amharic, novels that shows this technique are few in number. Therifore, this stut/y takes this phenomenon as its very reason and research problem to be examined. To identify the causes why authors do not use frequently the first-person narrative technique in their works (novels), as well as to sort out the advantages and disadvantages rif this method rif story telling, this research has been made on four known Eth iopian authors' first-person novels. The writers are Negash i G/Mariam, Wondimu Negashi, Hailemelekot Mawale, and Bealu Girma. And their works are: Settegiiiia Adari, Enbutte Tsigerida, Yewedianesh and Oromav respectively. By reading these novels thoroughly, and comparing the talent rif each writer in using the firstperson narrative technique, an attempt has been made to distinguish and set out the causes, why authors do not used the technique frequently. Along with it, the advantages and disadvantages rif this technique are examined. As it is observed in this stut/y, the main reason for authors not to use first-person narrative techn ique frequently is the nature of the method. Its nature does not allow a free and a flexible movement for the authors to direct their stories as thry could. Of course, there is a narrator who stands as a person and tells the story; hence, there is no chance for the author to tell about the events and actions which are bryond the knowledge, vision and reach rif this narrator. Again the vision rif this narrator as well the technique is very limited. To overcome the limitations and to use the technique ejJectively, it is essential to draw properly the first-person narrator, or to use other narrative techniques in combination with thefirst-persoll narrative technique. As it is reviewed in this stut/y among the authors whose works are compared and examined here, Bealu Girola has applied other narrative techniques to alleviate the problem that his first-person narrator faces. Therifore, in his work a wavering rif point rif view is observed. He uses an omniscient paint rifview and narrator. By doing so, he could overcome the limitations that face his first-person narrator. In general from this study, certain major things have been learned and reached. The most important are these: when a story is presented in the first-person narrative technique, we need to draw the narrator properlY. Again, to over come the limitations that the first-person narrator faces a changing if point if views from one type (kind) to the other, or a combination if them (.firstperson + objective + omniscient etc.) is possible as Bealu Girnla does in his novel, Oromay. In fact, as it is shown in this research, to gain the advantages of the first-person narrative technique and to use it more iffectively, wavering if point if view is very important. Shiftingfrom one angle to the other enables one to tell a story, without limitations. Therefore Bealu's style if presenting a story with "mixed point of view" is recommended for Ethiopian writers to use. Ethiopian novel writers should develop and learn to use it since it is a flexible, attractive and vivid style.
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    The Implications of Bilateral Investment Treaties on Environmental Protection in Ethiopia: The Law and the Practice
    (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020) Abebe, Hailu; Merso, Fikremarkos(Assistant Professor)
    Most countries adopt Bilateral Investment Treaties to drive their economic development and to get an increase in foreign capital. Yet, investment treaties are traditionally designed towards the protection of investors and investment. Usually, a government is held accountable under international arbitrations to make indirect expropriation when it passes a domestic regulation, including environmental laws that slightly affect host state investors' investments. However, as environmental concerns have risen to prominence nowadays, the nation state's importance in addressing the issues has been recognized. As a result, countries, especially developed countries, designed their contemporary BITs to integrate environmental protection as a vital matter. Therefore, this paper made an in-depth examination of the Implications of Bilateral Investment Treaties on Environmental Protection in Ethiopia. In doing so, both the law and the practical scenarios have been assessed. Accordingly, the study discovered that, with few exceptions, most BITs to which Ethiopia is a party has significant drawbacks concerning the environmental concern and portray features of old-generation investment treaties. The notion of sustainable development, which is the principal policy basis under the FDRE Constitution and subsidiary domestic laws, has not been incorporated in most BITs. Furthermore, most BITs to which Ethiopia is a party did not grant contracting state regulatory power for environmental protection. So, environmental measures that might be taken may be highly limited, and this will, in turn, finally pose a risk of environmental pollution. Therefore, the paper recommended a remedial measure, including reforming existing BITs through renegotiation and amendment to explicitly include environmental protection standards. Furthermore, Ethiopia needs to prepare an all-encompassing and carefully designed model of BIT promptly.
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    Magical Realism in Alemayehu Wassie's Trilogy
    (AAU, 2020-06) Abebe, Hailu; Feleke, Molla (PhD)
    Among the prominent literary styles, magical realism, which was first applied in the art (painting) in the 1920s and later on applied in literature has been given less attention by literary scholars at Addis Ababa University. Basically, magical realism combines realism and the magic (or fantastic) in a way that the magical elements and miracles rise naturally from the reality portrayed. The literary works of many prominent Ethiopian writers have been studied on various topics. However, there is no study in approaching novels from a magical realist perspective. It is not common approaching Ethiopian novels in a magical realist perspective, and this is what makes this study different from others. In addition to this, as far as the researcher is concerned, no research has been conducted on the selected novels in other literary perspectives as well. As a result, this study is designed to fill the gap by investigating the magical realist elements/aspects used by Alemayehu Wassie through magical realism analysis on the selected novels. Thus, this study helps anyone wants to understand the application of Magical Realism characteristics or elements and theories in analyzing literary works. Based on a review of literature on theory of magical realism, Alemayehu Wassie’s Trilogy namely Emegua, Zigora and Merbebit have been analyzed. Critical reading is used to analysis of each novel based on the elements of magical realism as discussed in the theoretical framework. Extracts that are taken from each novel have been used to analyze the aspects of magical realism in the selected novels. The conceptual translation is given for each extract following the original version which is used in the analysis. Finally, the analyses of the study have shown that most of the elements of magical realism have been reflected in each novel. Magical realism studies have been conducted on different literary works, but it is confirmed that this study is distinguished since it focused on the reflection of magical realism elements in the selected novels namely: Emegua, Zigora, and Merbebit.