Browsing by Author "Abdi Ahmed"

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    MALDI TOF MS and Molecular Detection of Mannheimia haemolytica from Sheep and Goats in Holeta and Sebeta town, Oromia Special Zone, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2022) Abdi Ahmed; Dr. Debebe Ashenaf; Dr.Abebe Olani
    Mannhemia haemolytica is one of the most important bacteria among causative agent of pneumonic pasteurellosis in small ruminants throughout worldwide. It is one of the most economically devastating pathogen in sheep and goats in Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was carried out from November 2021 to May 2022 with the aim to identify Mannheimia haemolytica from sheep and goat in Sebeta and Holeta town, Oromia special zone, Ethiopia. A total of 235 samples (213 nasal swabs and 22 whole blood) were collected from sheep and goats for Mannheimia haemolytica identification. Sheep and goat with clinical signs suggestive of pneumonic pasteurollosis were purposively sampling. Bacterial identification was conducted using biochemical, Biolog, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) and Real time PCR detection. Moreover, antimicrobials susceptibility test was also conducted on the identified bacterial isolates using disc diffusion method. The result showed that from a total of 235 samples, only two nasal swab samples were positive for M. haemolytica (0.85%). The two isolates were confirmed by all the tests and similar result was obtained by; biochemical, Biolog, MALDI TOF MS and real time PCR. Up on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the two isolates were resistant to Streptomycin, Erythromycin and Clindamycin whereas they were susceptible to Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Trimethoprim/sulfonamides and Penicillin. Generally, this study revealed that M. haemolytica is among the causative agent of pneumonic pasteurellosis in sheep and goat in the study area. Although, the other remaining bacteria responsible for the disease. The research suggests that a combination of diagnostic methods such as MALDI TOF MS, Biolog, and realtime PCR should be used, as well as for a more in-depth investigation to identify the strain or serotype of M. haemolytica using advanced molecular sequencing and also analysis of the remaining causal agent from various species and locations in countries that are significant for disease control and prevention and also to address the present vaccination and antibiotic resistance issues.
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    School Leadership in Ethiopian Somali Region: Policies, Practices and Student Achievement
    (Addis Ababa University, 2023-06-01) Abdi Ahmed; Susan C. Faircloth(Prof)
    The purpose of this study was to examine the practices of school leadership (defining school mission, managing instructional program and developing positive school learning climate) within the context of Somali region and how these practices influence student academic achievement (natural, social and grade 10 students) and the effect of school context (school level, location and size) on the school leadership practices of the school principal. Explanatory correlational research design was used. Data were collected from six zones, 5 city administrations, 3 woredas, 10 schools, 337 teachers, 10 school principals and 10 school supervisors by using multi-stage sampling. Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS) which consists of three dimensions and 10 leadership functions were used to measure school leadership practices. Student academic achievement is measured by grade 10th and 12th national examination result. In this study, the three highest rated subscales are framing school goals (M=2.95, SD=0.70), communicating school goals (M=2.77, SD=0.72) and maintaining high visibility (M=2.76, SD=0.79). The three lowest rated subscales were providing incentives for teachers (M=2.36, SD=0.87), providing incentive for learning (M=2.60, SD=0.88) and promoting professional development (M=2.62, SD=0.80). The leadership dimensions of defining school mission, managing instructional program and developing positive school climate were compared with school location, level and size, there was no significant difference in the means for secondary and preparatory schools; or whether the school is located in pastoralist or agro-pastoralist areas; or the size of the school is small, medium or large; and the magnitude of the difference in the means was very small. In the last seven years, 40,587 natural science students, 25,118 social science students and 136,051 grade 10 students took grade 10th and 12th national examinations in Somali region. 48.49%, 44.15% and 25.69% of natural science, social science and grade 10 students respectively failed to join in higher education institutions. For grade 12, natural science students, there was strong positive correlation between student academic achievement and framing school goals (r=0.93, p < 0.01), communicating school goals (r=0.75, p < 0.05), supervising and evaluating instruction (r=0.64, p < 0.05) and protecting instructional time (r=0.68, p < 0.05). For social science student, there was strong positive correlation between student academic achievement and framing school goals (r=0.80, p < 0.05). For grade 10 students, there was strong positive correlation between student academic achievement and IV framing school goals (r=0.72, p < 0.05), communicating school goals (r=0.85, p < 0.01), coordinating curriculum (r=0.67, p < 0.05), providing incentives for teachers (r=0.71, p < 0.05) and providing incentive for learning (r=0.74, p < 0.05). Ethiopian school leaders’ standard is not Ethiopian standard, because the main purpose of Ethiopian school principal’s standard is the Australian school leaders' objective and the central role of the Ethiopian principal is the England's head teachers' role. . For the student academic achievement of preparatory school students, the education system of the region favors more the promotion of agro-pastoralist male natural science and female social students. For grade 10 students, it favors more the promotion of pastoralist female grade 10 students. School principals should be aware and trained on generally accepted instructional leadership practices and should create and develop policies, practices, expectations, norms, and rewards that forces students to master basic skills, earn good grades, complete school successfully, and go on to higher education