Browsing by Author "Dinka Ayana"

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    Cryptosporidium in Dairy Cattle, Sheep, Humans, and Manure in and around Adama and Asella Towns, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2022) Kassahun Berhanu; Dinka Ayana
    In Ethiopia, several studies have reported the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in young calves, lambs, and HIV positive patients. However, studies on cattle and sheep of all age categories, and humans (farm workers and animal owners) were limited. A cross-sectional study design was thus conducted from October 2021 to April 2022 to study the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle, sheep, humans, and manure in and around Adama and Asella towns, Oromia, Ethiopia. Dairy cattle and sheep were stratified according to their age and randomly sampled. Stool samples from volunteered farm workers and household members were collected purposefully. A semi-structured questionnaire was also used to collect information about manure handling practices. All samples (dairy cattle = 234, sheep = 200, humans = 56, manure = 58) were processed with sugar floatation technique and the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. A univariate regression analysis was used to test the association of individual factors with the occurrence of Cryptosporidium. Associated factors were subjected to multivariate regression analysis to identify potential risk factors. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium in dairy cattle, sheep, humans, and manure was 20.5%, 14%, 16%, and 13.20%, respectively. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle at the ages of 1–12 months and 13–36 months was 3.48 and 3.07 times higher, respectively, in comparison to the age above 36 months. Similarly, the occurrence was 2.69 times higher in sheep aged 1–6 months than in those aged older than 6 months. And also, a higher average level of oocyst count (above 10 oocysts) per-field was examined in dairy cattle (3/48) aged 1– 12 months, followed by sheep (1/28) aged 1–6 months. Furthermore, the likelihood of infection was 13 times greater in farm workers compared with the rural farmer members. In addition, the occurrence of oocysts was 22.8 times higher in manures from dairy cattle than manure from sheep. From data on manure handling practices, only 16.8% of them had manure storage holes, 98.1% used manure for crop production, and all of them used manure without treatment. The current study revealed the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in all age groups of dairy cattle and sheep, farm workers, animal owners, and manures. Therefore, more studies on adult animals and manure is required to investigate their contribution to environmental contamination as well as their role as a source of infection in young calves and lambs. In addition, molecular characterization is also required to identify the zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium
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    In-Vitro Acaricide Efficacy Evaluation and Survey of Ixodidae Ticks on Cattle in Borena Pastoral Area, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Eyob Eshetu; Dinka Ayana
    This study was conducted from September 2011 to May 2012 in Borena pastoral area with the objectives of determining the distribution and relative abundance of Ixodidae ticks on cattle in relation to short rain and major dry seasons, cattle age and sex. Moreover, the efficacy of Amitraz 12.5% and Diazinon 60%EC against Rh.pulchellus and A.gemma was detennined using modified Adult Immersion Test; on top of the assessment of pastoralist communities' perceptions on acaricide usage, delivery and methods of tick control practice. A total of 8,912 adult ticks belonging to genera of Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, Boophilus and Hyalomma were collected from 768 indigenous cattle. Rhipicephalus pulchellus and A.gemma constituted more than 70% of the total collection. Other identified species in order of abundance were B.decoloralus, A. variegatum, H.m.rufipes, H.truncatum, A.lepidium and A.cohearens. All species were collected throughout the study period, but showed higher overall mean tick burden (29.39±14.392) during short rain season than major dry (17 .14 ±7.294). These variations were statistically significant (t= 14.915,95% CI=10.634-13.866, df= 766 P< 0.05). The abundance and mean burden of each tick species was high in adult cattle than young and females than males; which also showed statistical significant variation (P<0.05) between cattle sex and age groups. Acaricide treatment is the only method for tick control in the area, in which Amitraz was the most widely used, followed by Diazinon. Manual spraying and hand dressing of each acaricide relaying on frequent, over or under concentration, inadequate application and a long time use of one acaricide type was the common practice of application. The result of in-vitro trials revealed that, Amitraz 12.5% has significantly higher (P<0.05) overall mean percent oviposition control (%C= 95.47%) of A. gemma and Rh.pulchellus than Diazinon 60% EC (%C= 80.9%). But, both acaricides are relatively less efficient against Rh. pulchellus oviposition, %C = 90.94% for Amitraz and %C = 71.41 % for Diazinon. The results of this study suggested that the two seasons, cattle age and sex were found to be determinant for dynamics of tick population during the study period. Furthermore, Amitraz and Diazinon are the two mostly used acaricides in the area and under in-vitro condition, Amitraz at field recommended concentration provides efficient Rh.pulchellus and A.gemma oviposition inhibition than Diazinon 60%EC. Therefore, strategic control using such seasonal dynamics of ticks, aimed at primarily reducing Rh pulchellus and A.gemma burden on female and adult cattle, with the objectives of allowing maintenance of endemic stability are recommended. Besides, in vivo trial to assess the residual effect of these acaricides was suggested
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    In-Vitro Acaricide Efficacy Evaluation and Survey of Ixodidae Ticks on Cattle in Borena Pastoral Area, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2012-06-01) Eyob Eshetu; Dinka Ayana
    This study was conducted from September 2011 to May 2012 in Borena pastoral area with the objectives of determining the distribution and relative abundance of Ixodidae ticks on cattle in relation to short rain and major dry seasons, cattle age and sex. Moreover, the efficacy of Amitraz 12.5% and Diazinon 60%EC against Rhpulchellus and A.gemma was detennined using modified Adult Immersion Test; on top of the assessment of pastoralist communities' perceptions on acaricide usage, delivery and methods of tick control practice. A total of 8,912 adult ticks belonging to genera of Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, Boophilus and Hyalomma were collected from 768 indigenous cattle. Rhipicephalus pulchellus and A.gemma constituted more than 70% of the total collection. Other identified species in order of abundance were B.decoloralus, A.variegatum, H.m.rufipes, H.truncatum, A.lepidium and A.cohearens. All species were collected throughout the study period, but showed higher overall mean tick burden (29.39±14.392) during short rain season than major dry (17 .14 ±7.294). These variations were statistically significant (t= 14.915,95% CI=10.634-13.866, df= 766 P< 0.05). The abundance and mean burden of each tick species was high in adult cattle than young and females than males; which also showed statistical significant variation (P<0.05) between cattle sex and age groups. Acaricide treatment is the only method for tick control in the area, in which Amitraz was the most widely used, followed by Diazinon. Manual spraying and hand dressing of each acaricide relaying on frequent, over or under concentration, inadequate application and a long time use of one acaricide type was the common practice of application. The result of in-vitro trials revealed that, Amitraz 12.5% has significantly higher (P<0.05) overall mean percent oviposition control (%C= 95.47%) of A. gemma and Rh.pulchellus than Diazinon 60% EC (%C= 80.9%). But, both acaricides are relatively less efficient against Rh. pulchellus oviposition, %C = 90.94% for Amitraz and %C = 71.41 % for Diazinon. The results of this study suggested that the two seasons, cattle age and sex were found to be determinant for dynamics of tick population during the study period. Furthermore, Amitraz and Diazinon are the two mostly used acaricides in the area and under in-vitro condition, Amitraz at field recommended concentration provides efficient Rh.pulchellus and A.gemma oviposition inhibition than Diazinon 60%EC. Therefore, strategic control using such seasonal dynamics of ticks, aimed at primarily reducing Rh.pulchellus and A.gemma burden on female and adult cattle, with the objectives of allowing maintenance of endemic stability are recommended. Besides, in vivo trial to assess the residual effect of these acaricides was suggested
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    Microplastics Pollution and its associated Determinants in Donkeys, Humans, and the Environment in Central Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2026) Masresha Gebeyehu; Bersissa Kumssa; Dinka Ayana; Yitbarek Getachew
    Microplastic (MPs) pollution has become a major global public health and environmental sustainability issue. In Ethiopia, the health implications of MP contamination remain understudied compared to global studies. This study aimed to detect MPs in donkey feces, human urine, and water samples collected from near and around some rivers in central Ethiopia; assess the determinants of plastic ingestion in working donkeys; to assess the awareness of community members and donkey owners about the effects of plastic pollution; and analyze the retrospective clinical records on colic cases in donkeys associated with plastic ingestion, within a One Health framework. This study employed a cross-sectional approach, sampling river water (27), human urine (36), and donkey feces (41). Additionally, 223 cases of retrospective veterinary records (2020-2026) of donkey colic cases were reviewed to examine the prevalence of plastic-related risks. Community member (110) and donkey owner (110) awareness surveys were conducted to assess the perceptions of plastic pollution. Descriptive statistics were applied to summarize contamination levels, and a one-way ANOVA was used to assess spatial differences. A multivariate logistic regression was applied to identify factors associated with donkey health outcomes. MPs were detected in all sample types, with water having the highest concentration (2.01 ± 0.91 particles/L). Donkey feces and human urine had concentrations of 1.36 ± 0.50 particles/g and 1.12 ± 0.89 particles/mL, respectively. ANOVA confirmed statistically significant variation among sample types (p<0.05). The dominant shape of MP particles was fiber across all sample types, with a size range of <500 μm. In the retrospective analysis, 95.7% of donkey colic cases were linked to plastic ingestion, with a mortality rate of 23.5% in Merkato and 56.1% in Bishoftu. A logistic regression indicated that no significant predictors of outcome were identified, including age, sex, or plastic risk. Community awareness of the health risks of plastic was moderate (40.9%), with higher levels in urban centers. MP contamination is widespread across environmental and biological samples in Ethiopia. This study underscores the urgent need for an interconnected waste management strategy, awareness campaign, strong policy, and One Health interventions to reduce plastic pollution.
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    Status of Cryptosporidium Parasite in Dogs and Cats in Bishoftu, Oromia, Ethiopia
    (Addis Abeba University, 2025) Nuredin Hussen; Dinka Ayana
    Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic infection caused by Cryptosporidium spp, a coccidian protozoan parasite which is one of the most prevalent waterborne diseases. Long term co evolution and close interaction of human being with animals serving as reservoir of this parasite made the transmission way simple for the parasite. A cross-sectional study was conducted over an eight month period in and around Bishoftu town from Oct, 2024 to Jun, 2025 with the aim of estimating the prevalence and intensity of Cryptosporidium infections and identifying potential risk factors associated with the occurrence of the parasite in Pet animals. The study employed a purposive sampling strategy and included 256 pets (192 dogs and 64 cats) that were admitted to Veterinary Teaching Hospital and other veterinary clinics in the study area. Aseptically collected fecal sample were examined using modified acid fast techniques to identify Cryptosporidium oocysts. From 256 examined fecal samples, 2.34% (6/256) were found positive, with 6 (3.1%) from dogs and 0 (0%) from Cats. The current study revealed that age had a significant impact on infection rates, with the highest occurrence found in young animal less than one year (10.3%, p=0.036), compared to other age group. Furthermore, the fecal consistency also showed statistically significant difference (p=0.019) while other considered risk factors are not significant. The intensity of cryptosporidium oocysts were counted and categorized as low because the numbers of oocysts per high magnification field were below 5. However, the burden of infection between the age group was relatively high in dogs under 1year old. The study reveals notable presence of cryptosporidium in dogs ather than cats in study area, with higher risk among young animals. In conclusion this finding underscores the need for improved hygiene and public awareness about zoonotic risk of the parasite.
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    Studies on Coccidiosis and Cryptosporidiosis in Small Ruminants at Elfora Export Abattior and in and around Debre - Zeit, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University Faculty Of Veterinary Medicine, 2006-06) Dinka Ayana; Getachcw Tilahun
    A cross secti onal study on cocci odi osis and cryptosporidiosis in small ruminants at ELF ORA export abattoir and in & around Debre-zeit wa s conducted from October, 2005 to February. 2006. In this stu dy, att empt s we re made to det ennine th e preval ence and intensity of Eimeria an d Cryplosporidi ll m infection in shee p and goats. Mo re over. potential risk factors associated with the infecti ons and the species of Eimeria and Cf)prosporidillm incrimi nated in the infect ions were identi ti ed. A total of 1152 faeca l samples (384 from animals inten ded for slaughte r at ELF ORA ex port abattoi r and 768 samples from those reared under extensive condi tion of Dch re-zeit and its surrounding areas) were collected and examined by faecal flo tati on using co ncentrated sugar sol ut ion (Sheather's sugar solution) to detect the oocysts of Eimeria and c,yptosporilldillm species. Faecal samples suspected of O),ptosporidillm were also examined under a mic roscope using modified Kinyoun acid· fas t staining tec hniq ue. Measurement (Micrometery) of oocysts to identify the species involved in the infections and detennination ofoocysts per gram of faeces (O PG) were also conducted. Out of the 1152 faecal samples collected and examined. 346(49°'0) ovinc and 173(38.5%) caprine were found to be infected with Eimeria species. Only four (0.57°0) faecal samples collected from sheep were infected wi th Cryptosporidillf1l (mdcrsoni. At Debrc·Zeit and its su rroundings, 37.8% and 0.5°0 prevalence of Eimeria and Cryprosporidillm infections were respectively regi~iered . While 59.6°'0 and 0 prevalence of Eimeria and O)'prosporidillm infections were reco rded respectively at ELFORA. Stali stically. a significant variation (P O.05) observed in the prevalence rate of Eimeria infect ion between the two sexes of the study anima ls. There was no significan t varia ti on ( P>O.0 5) observed in the pre\,alence of CrYPlosporidiwJl infection between (he two study sites. animal hosts. animal sex, between age groups and among the months of the study period . There was no significant variation (P >O.0 5) observed in the mean OPG values of Eimeria between the VIII two age groups of the study animals. High and low mean OPG values of Eimeria oocysts in November and December were respecivly recorded
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    Study on Bovine Trematodes and their Snail Vectors in Enderta District and Mekele Special Zone, Tigray Regional State, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2021) Meaza Nigus; Dinka Ayana
    Trematodes are one of the economical and public health important vector born parasite helminthes in Ethiopia including Tigray. In the current study cross sectional study was conducted in Enderta district and Mekele special zone from November 2020 to May 2021 to assess the socio-economic significance of bovine trematodes and estimate their prevalence, associated risk factors and identify the snail intermediate hosts harboring the parasites in the areas. To achieve these objectives, a combined of coprological examination, post-mortem examination, snail collection and identification and interview was performed. Out of 480 fecal samples examined 10.42% were found positive for at least one genus of bovine trematodes. The specific prevalence for Fasciola, Paramphistomum and Schistosoma was 4.58%, 2.7% and 3.12%, respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of bovine trematodes in males (14.2%) was higher than that of females (6.44%) and the variation was statistically significant (X2 =7.76, p= 0.012). On the other hand, prevalence in poor body condition (25.7%) was higher than that of medium body condition (7.41%) as well as good body condition (3.9%) and the variation was statistically significant (X2= 28.7, p= 3.73e-09). In the other case, out 480 cattle slaughtered at Abergelle international abattoir 12.5% (n=60) were found to harbor adult trematode worms. The economic loses in Abergelle international abattoir was calculated based on liver condemnation and was 15,252 ETB loses from liver condemnation annually. Furthermore, out of 1000 snails collected and identified 356 (35.6%) Lymnaea spp, 347(34.7%) Biomphalaria spp and 297(29.7%) Bulinus spp were identified. Trematodes are still major limiting factors to livestock production and productivity in the study areas. So an urgent implementation of control methods including, improving access to clean drinking water for both animals and humans and creation of awareness to cattle owners on the impact of the diseases is necessary. In addition creation of attitude to the farmers in the treating of their animals by using recommended anti-helminthic drugs rather than traditional treatments is mandatory.
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    Study on Cryptosporidium in Calves, Children, and Drinking Water Sources in Akaki Kality, Addis Ababa
    (Addis Abeba University, 2025) Abdurahman Meribo; Dinka Ayana
    Cryptosporidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium, poses a significant public health and veterinary challenge globally, particularly in low-resource settings with inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) conditions. This cross-sectional study (November 2024–June 2025) estimated the prevalence, burden, and associated risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in calves, children under five, and drinking water sources (Akaki, Gefersa, and Legedadi rivers) using a One Health approach. A total of 232 calf fecal samples, 124 stool samples from children, and 60 water samples were examined using the modified ZiehlNeelsen acid-fast staining technique. The overall prevalence was 13.4% in calves, 7.3% in children, and 60% in water samples. Significant differences in calf prevalence were observed among production systems (*p* = 0.005), body condition (*p* = 0.007), and presence of calving pens (*p* = 0.043). Calves in extensive systems had the highest infection rate (50%), and those in poor condition were most susceptible. In children, infection was significantly associated with parental illiteracy (*p* = 0.008) and animal contact (*p* = 0.049), while age and sex were nonsignificant. All Akaki River samples were contaminated (100%), followed by Gefersa (80%); Legedadi showed no contamination. Microscopy-based burden assessment revealed the highest oocyst loads in calves under three months and children below one year, with no high-burden cases in children. The study underscores the critical role of animal management, environmental sanitation, and public health behaviors in transmission. Integrated One Health strategies addressing human-animal-environment interactions are essential to reduce the zoonotic and waterborne burden in urban Ethiopia.
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    Study on Trematode Parasites of Cattle and Sheep and their Intermediate Snail Host in and around Welmera Districts, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024) Wubishet Admasu; Dinka Ayana
    Sanil-born trematode parasites have a major impact on the well-being and productivity of sheep and cattle. A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2023 to June 2024 in and around Welmera Districts, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia, to estimate the prevalence and burden of trematode parasites, identification of species or genera of trematode parasites, and the risk factors in cattle and sheep, and their intermediate hosts from the study area. Fecal samples collected from 300 cattle and 300 sheep were examined by the sedimentation and Stoll’s eggs count technique, 384 cattle were examined for adult trematode parasites by post-mortem examination technique, and 500 snails collected were examined on their morphological features of the shell. Based on coprological findings the overall prevalence of trematode parasites was 57.7% and 63.75 in cattle and sheep respectively. The burden and prevalence of Dicrocelium 13.33(11%), Paramphistomum 26.33(19%), Fasciola 44(27.67%) in cattle, and Paramphistomum 29.87(17.33%), Dicrocelium 33(20.67%) and Fasciola 40.33(25.67%) in sheep, identified, While post-mortem finding the overall prevalence of trematode parasites was 78.9% in slaughtered cattle. The burden and prevalence of Fasciola hepatica 2.30(34.64%), Fasciola gigantica 2.30(17.45%), Paramphistomum 24.74(24.74%), and Dicrocelium 0.03(24.74%) identified. From snails identification results in frequency and percentage were Lymnaea 446(89.20%) and Bulinus 54(10.80%) from the study area. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in body conditions, deworming history, and management systems for Fasciolosis and only body conditions was a significant difference (p < 0.05) for Paramphistomiosis and age, sex, deworming history was a significant difference (p < 0.05) for Dicroceliosis in cattle, while in sheep body conditions, deworming history, and management systems was a significant difference (p < 0.05) for Fasciolosis and sex, body conditions was a significant difference (p < 0.05) for Paramphistomiosis and age, deworming history was a significant difference (p < 0.05) for Dicroceliosis. Therefore, Animal owners and the community should be educated about trematode infections in livestock, intermediate host roles, regular deworming animals, and further diagnostics should be used.