Asnake DesalegnTaye Tamrat2025-08-172025-08-172024-07https://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/6865Pneumonia is defined as inflammation of the lung parenchyma structures, usually caused by bacteria or viruses. Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five in developing countries, including Ethiopia. According to World Health Organization report, pneumonia was responsible for 16 percent of the estimated 5.9 million deaths in children under 5 years of age. Pneumonia can be easily treated and prevented by reducing the amount of risk. The primary objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of pneumonia and associated factors in children under five years of age at Bishoftu General Hospital, East Shoa, Ethiopia. This study was a hospital-based crosssectional study involving 348 study participants. The pre-test of the questionnaire was conducted on a non-study sample, representing 10% of the sample size. The collected data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Statistical Analysis (SPSS) version 27. Statistical analysis of significant associations was reported using analysis of variance with 95% confidence interval and p-value less than 0:05 in multivariate logistic regression. The overall prevalence of pneumonia was 22.1% and this was relatively high. The type of fuel, the cooking area, the child's position while cooking, the kitchen not being separate from the main house, the number of windows in the kitchen, smoking in the house, breastfeeding status of the baby, vaccination status of the child, vitamin A intake status, and not taking the child to the clinic immediately after sickness were the most important variables found to be associated with under five pneumonias. Health education on the potential hazards of using charcoal and wood as a fuel, keeping children away from cooking place, educating mothers to discourage carrying of child on their back when food cooking, exclusive breastfeeding and nutrition, increased immunization and vitamin A supplementation, and avoiding cigarette smoke exposure are recommended to prevent under five pneumonias.en-USUnder Five Pneumonia Risk Factors PrevalenceThesis