T/Mariam, Alemayehu(DRBogale, Kassahun2022-02-022023-11-052022-02-022023-11-052021-06http://etd.aau.edu.et/handle/123456789/29838In the field of mathematics difficulties, there is an often-noted lack of researches. The present study investigated the effect of concrete fading numerical intervention utilizing gabat‘a on early numerical achievement and early mathematics motivation of primary school students with MD. Gabat‘a, the Ethiopian indigenous math game, has six holes, two storages, and stones/beads for playing in pair.In the present study, it was organized for dual purposes: for instruction and game. Children with MD exhibit multifaceted problems in comparison with their counter parts. These lead them to have long term educational problems. At 3 sites, 72 students with MD were screened using BANUCA and other screening tools. A method of quantitative experimental research utilizing pretest-posttest control group design was used in tandem with MANCOVA to analyze the data. The design used stratified randomization, taking gender, difficulty type, prior mathematics knowledge as a strata and then randomly allocated into: Experiment 1 entailed two groups, CIGO and control group; and experiment 2 involved three groups, AIGG, AIGO, and control group. The interventions occurred in total for 18 week, 3 sessions per week and 45–60 min per session. Then, a MANCOVA result shows that students with MD in both experiments exhibited significantly higher performance than control group on counting and number concept achievement, arithmetic achievement, and early mathematics motivation. However, students with MD in AIGG condition did not show significant performances than that of AIGO condition. In addition, the findings indicated that mostly gender, difficulty type, and prior mathematics knowledge did not play significant roles in achievement and early mathematics motivation. With respect to correlational results, within the addition and subtraction constructs, the correlation was highest, similar results were found in cross correlation as well. The multiple regression findings indicated that addition had a unique significant contribution for subtraction than counting. Moreover, a canonical correlation shows that early mathematics motivation positively influenced achievement of counting and number concept, but not for arithmetic. To recap, the CRA sequence utilizing gabat‘a is effective in teaching early numeral interventions for students who struggle in mathematics. This pattern of instructional intervention could be, robust techniques of counting and number concept and arithmetic teaching in the future, which integrated with classroom activities if teachers want to increase students‘ early numerical performance and early mathematics motivation. Practical implications, limitation of the study, and suggestions for future research in this area are provided.enconcrete fading strategy, gabat‘a, achievement, motivation, MDThesis