Browsing by Author "Mekonnen Tadesse"

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    Corporate Governance Practices and Performance of Consumers’ Cooperative Societies in Addis Ababa City
    (A.A.U, 2020-01) Mekonnen Tadesse; Workneh Kassa
    Cooperatives are member owned and member financed organization. They have been a model for collecting societies together across all sphere of life. As the members of the cooperatives whose relationship with the cooperative managements are slight, the cooperatives are prone to governance failure. Especially in the consumer cooperatives there is a separation between the members/owners of cooperative and the cooperative management body. This separation of ownership and control creates the governance problems. Since governance is the key for the success of any cooperatives, it needs high level attention by the concerned bodies and societies. The main objective of the study is to describe the governance practices and challenges of the consumer cooperative societies and examine whether the governance have a significant effect on the performance of consumer cooperatives in Addis Ababa City. There are 141 consumer cooperative Societies in the City and they have similar stages of development and exhibit high level of homogeneity in aspects such as structure and leadership. For this the study used census. The study seeks to analyze the effect of various corporate governance mechanisms particularly board size, board educational qualification, board gender diversity and board meeting frequency and used mixed research approach by adopting quantitative method. The Linear regression is also used to quantify the strength of the relationship between the independent variables (Corporate governance practices) and the dependent variable (performance). The finding indicated that the consumer cooperatives are found to have operated in accordance with the country’s cooperative society’s proclamation and regulation. The principles of corporate governance were adequately addressed in the governance practice of consumer cooperatives. With respect to challenges of consumer cooperatives in the implementation of corporate governance that the consumer cooperatives board of directors lacked commitment and leadership; the cooperatives were suffered with the supplies of goods and services and audit committees of the consumer cooperatives were incompetent to execute their duties. The finding also indicated that the corporate governance variables of educational qualification and board size have high impact on the performance of the consumer cooperatives whereas gender diversity and meeting frequency have moderate effect on the performance of consumer cooperatives. Based on the result of the study it is recommended that a separate cooperative governance code should be developed, board of directors and members should be trained to improve the performance of the cooperatives and a policy should be designed to strengthen the female participation in the board
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    Determinants of Under-Five Child Mortality in Ethiopia: a Spatial and Multilevel Count Regression Analysis
    (Addis Ababa University, 2024-06) Gebremedhin Melkie; Mekonnen Tadesse
    Introduction:- The under-five mortality rate serves as a significant indicator of child health and overall development within countries, highlighting the quality of life within a given population. Tragically, millions of children below the age of five lose their lives each year. In Ethiopia, the burden of under-five deaths remains unevenly distributed. Objective:- This study aims to examine the spatial distribution of under-five mortality in Ethiopia and identify factors impacting number of under-five child deaths using spatial analysis methods and multilevel count regression models. Materials and Method:- the data was retrieved from the EMDHS 2019, and the total unweighted number of 5753 women were used in this study. Various count models were considered and the multilevel zero inflated negative binomial model happened to be the best model to fit under-five child mortality data. IRR (incidence rate ratio) has been used for interpretations. Hotspot and cold spot, as well as kriging interpolation analysis were done for describing the spatial variation of under-five child mortality. Result:- Spatial patterns in the number of under-five deaths were observed. The global Moran’s I value (I = 0.416267, z score =5.410983, P value < 0.001) revealed a substantial group of under-five child mortality throughout the country. Under-five death had a statistically significant regional clustering pattern among Ethiopian children. The multilevel zero inflated negative binomial model fit results revealed that the expected number of under-five child mortality in female headed households is 1.27 times higher than the expected number of under-five deaths in male headed households (IRR=1.27). Also, the expected number of under-five deaths in rural areas is 0.6356 times the expected number of under-five deaths in urban areas. Likewise, when water is accessible on the premises, the number of under-five deaths is 0.05779 times lower compared to where obtaining water takes more than 30 minutes. And the expected number of under-five deaths when the mother uses contraceptive methods decreased by a factor of 0.79 (IRR=0.79) compared to the expected number of under-five deaths when the mother is not using contraception. Moreover, the expected number of under-five deaths for a birth order of 2nd and 3rd, 4th and 5th, and 6th and above is 2.10, 4.0812 and 9.73 times the expected number of under-five deaths for a first birth respectively. Moreover, multiple birth increases the incidence rate of under-five mortality (IRR=1.5595). The spatial analysis verified hot and cold spot areas of under-five mortality among under-five children in Ethiopia Conclusion:- The spatial analysis verified hot(high risky) and cold (less risky) spot of under-five mortality among under-five children in Ethiopia. The zero inflated negative binomial model revealed that under-five deaths per mother differ in age at first birth time, current contraceptive use, birth order, and type of birth. Place of residence, time to get water, household size, sex of household head and age of household head are statistically significant factors. Policy makers should develop targeted policies that consider the specific challenges and needs of different regions to address geographical variations in under-five mortality.