The purpose of this study was to asses “The factors that affect female teachers’ participation in secondary school leadership in East Wollega Zone.” To conduct this study, a descriptive survey design was employed. The participants of this study were 131 female teachers selected by using simple random sampling techniques. The 15 Woreda Education Offices officials and 10 Woreda Women Children Affairs officials were also involved in the study. The data were collected by questionnaire, Interview and document analysis. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis were employed in order to reach at the result. The findings of the study revealed that higher officials make gender bias while selecting school leader, lack of special support for female teachers to win the competition for leadership position in the education system of the zone and woreda they were strong in making decision; females self-confidence, their participation is less in both head and deputy heads teachers. Female teachers thinks they are incapable and will not successful in leading school, females do not have plan and set their promotion goals to be school leader. Some challenges which could hinder women representation in educational leadership were for instance, pressures of home responsibility, men dominance of management position unclear promotion procedures. So, the study recommends capacity building, training, mentoring, workshops, motivation, awareness, induction, specials support from the concerned bodies, as well as fighting traditional beliefs from the society about women.