http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/423 Search the Channel search http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/simple-search http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/3107 Title: EVALUATION OF SEMEN PARAMETERS IN ETHIOPIAN INDIGENOUS BULLS KEPT AT KALITI, ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA <br/> <br/>Authors: HUNDERRA, SORI <br/> <br/>Abstract: The semen of six indigenous breeds bulls (Barca, Boran, Horro and Sheko) which were kept at the National Artificial Insemination Center (NAIC), Kaliti, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were evaluated for physico-morphological parameters (volume, color, mass and individual motility, concentration, total count, percentage live and morphologically normal, total morphologically normal and viable number), biochemical parameters (GOT, GPT, ACP, ALP, total protein) and hormonal assay (testosterone). Semen was collected for a thirteen week period from six indigenous bulls kept at the AI center. The collection was done once per week using an artificial vagina and semen samples were subjected to normal physico-morphological characterization and seminal plasma was separated and preserved at -20 0C until analysis. The overall mean (SE) value for the indigenous bulls in the semen characteristics studied were volume 4.84 (0.20) ml, mass motility 3.15 (0.11), individual motility 68.72 (1.37) percent, concentration 1.54 (0.07) billion/ml, total count 7.35 (0.47) billion/ejaculate, viable number 5.10 (0.33) billion/ejaculate, total morphologically normal number 7.12 (0.45) billion/ejaculate, live percentage 79.73 (0.65), percent morphologic normal 94.70 (0.38), percent normal acrosome 96.99 (0.60), GOT 1530.91 (60.15) U/L, GPT 131.99 (9.36) U/L, ALP 3333.98 (608.84) U/L, ACP 8003.68 (716.06) U/L, total protein 7.38 (0.26) gm/dL, testosterone 2.84 (0.3) ng/ml, head abnormality 1.87 (0.15) %, mid-piece (body) abnormality 1.92 (0.22) %, tail abnormality 1.50 (0.18) %, total abnormality 5.29 (0.38) %, major abnormality 2.25 (0.19) %, minor abnormality 3.04 (0.28) %, acrosome defect 3.0 (0.60) %, narrow at base 0.37 (0.09) %, abnormal contour 0.12 (0.04) %, undeveloped form 0.74 (0.15) %, detached abnormal 0.21 (0.09) %, pear shaped 0.05 (0.02) %, small abnormal 0.05 (0.03) %, abaxial attachment 0.57 (0.11) %, other head abnormality 0.07 (0.03) %, spermatozoa head length 9.18 (0.03) μm, head breadth 4.61 (0.01) μm, mid-piece length 13.61 (0.02) μm, tail length 47.56 (0.1) μm. The semen physico-morphologic and seminal plasma biochemical parameters observed in this study for the Ethiopian indigenous bulls are comparable to normal fertile bulls reported elsewhere based on the evaluation of fresh semen parameters. http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/2852 Title: STUDY ON OGADEN SMALL RUMINANT HAEMONCHOSIS: MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALBENDAZOLE AND TETRAMISOLE <br/> <br/>Authors: BERSISSA, KUMSA ESETA <br/> <br/>Abstract: The current study was conducted from August 2003 to March 2004 with an attempt to determine the prevalence, morphological characteristics and susceptibility of Ogaden isolate of H. contortus to Albendazole and Tetramisole. During the study period a total of 196 animals (114 sheep and 82 goats) of Ogaden origin were examined. The overall prevalence of Haemonchus species was 91.23% and 82.93 % in sheep and goats respectively. Where as 37.72% and 40.24% prevalence of Trichostrongylus. axei was recorded in sheep and goats respectively. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between different months of the study period for both abomasal parasites. Out of 3187 female Haemonchus worms recovered from sheep for vulvar morph study, 49.49%linguiform, 28.51% knobbed and 23% smooth were recorded. Similarly from goats out of 2386 female Haemonchus, 53.83%linguiform, 18.45% knobbed and 27.61% smooth were recorded. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed among the three major vulvar flaps between different months of the study period in both sheep and goats. A total of 1580 linguiform female Haemonchus from sheep were further classified and differentiated into 27.16%A, 14.80% B, and 5.34%C and 2.18%I. Similarly from goat a total of 1285 linguiform female Haemonchus were identified as 27.35 % A, 17.54% B, and 6.63% C and 2.31% I. With in the linguiform morphotypes, the A type linguiform was noted to exhibit monthly fluctuation (p < 0.05) during the study period. In the current study from a total of 76 sheep a total of 1159 adult male Haemonchus recovered and identified into 95.08% H. contortus, 3.45% H. placei and 1.47%H. longistipes. Similarly from a total of 55goats, 841 male Haemonchus were collected and identified as 96.55%H. contortus, 2.97%H. placei and 0.48 %H. longistipes. With regard to the distribution of mono and/or poly specific Haemonchus species, out of the 76 sheep examined 57.89% were harbouring H. contortus only, 22.37% H. contortus and H. placei, 7.89% H. longistipes and H. placei and the rest 11.84% were having H. contortus, H. placei and H. longistipes. As for goats, out of the 55 animals examined, 58.18% were found to harbour H. contortus mono-species, 38.18% H. contortus and H. placei, 3.64% H. longistipes and H. placei and unlike sheep none was found to harbour triple Haemonchus species. This result unveiled the coexistence and sympatry of two or three Haemonchus species in a single small ruminant host thus requiring the consideration of such heterologous hosts in the control strategy of the parasite. On the other hand, a total of 30 lambs were used for efficacy evaluation of Albendazole and Tetramisole in the controlled experimental study. ix The lambs were divided into four treatment groups of five lambs in each group, one positive and one negative control groups also consisting of five in each group. Exiptol Greece, Albendazole Pakistan, Tetramsole Greece and Duxamintic Pakistan anthelmintics were evaluated by FECRT, controlled anthelmintic efficacy test and egg hatch assay test. Epg was observed to be strong indicator of induced infection in all the infected groups of animals showing statistically very significant difference (p < 0.05) between pre infection, post infection, pretreatment and post-treatment during the entire experimental study period. All the drugs were found to possess a 100% efficacy value up on evaluation by aforementioned efficacy detection techniques indicating also the susceptibility of Ogaden isolate H. contortus to all tested drugs irrespective of their origin. In view of the fact where helminthosis dominated by haemonchosis is confronting animal productivity of the study area, due attention to the disease and control interventions should be launched to minimize any economic loses and increase small ruminant productivity. Any control option that needs to be conducted in the study area should consider the coexistence of two or three species of Haemonchus spp in single host and involvement of heterologous hosts. The efficacy of the evaluated anthelmintics can only be maintained and conserved by wise and better utilization of the existing drugs to prevent the inevitable problem of anthelmintic resistance as the consequence of anthelmintic usage. http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/2722 Title: Cysticercus bovis: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SEROLOGICAL TESTS AND PREVALENCE AT ADDIS ABABA ABATTOIR. <br/> <br/>Authors: NIGATU, KEBEDE <br/> <br/>Abstract: ABSTRACT This study was conducted to develop and evaluate serological tests for C. bovis for the diagnosis in live animals and determine the prevalence in Addis Ababa Abattoir. Postmortem inspection (PMI), indirect hemagglutinatio test (IHAT), indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and fecal examination techniques were conducted. A total of 743 serum samples, 522 from Addis Ababa Abattoir, 101 from Repi PLC Dairy Farm and 109 from Yeka-abado Farmers Association were collected and 11 negative controls from France. Postmortem inspection was conducted on cattle slaughtered from Addis Ababa abattoir, 39 (7.4%) were positive for C. bovis. The hearts of these animals were thoroughly inspected and live C. bovis cysts were collected for antigen preparation. The protein concentration of the cyst was measured using the Lowry method. Indirect ELISA was conducted on known positive and known negative samples and due to shortage and lack of fresh reagents ELISA was not conducted on the other samples. The cut-off was 0.84 with 100% and 81% sensitivity and specificity respectively. Parallely IHAT was conducted on positive and negative samples, and a titre of 1:64 and above was considered as positive. IHAT had 100% and above 91% sensitivity and specificity respectively and when compared with ELISA it showed better specificity. Based on this test 149 (28.5%) from the Abattoir, 33 (30.2%) from Yeka-abado Farmers Association and 8 (7.9%) from Repi PLC Dairy Farm samples were positive for C. bovis. The prevalence in the two management systems, namely Yeka-abado Farmers Association and Repi PLC Dairy Farm, was significantly different (p<0.05). The cyst fluid, protoscolex and cyst membrane were separately evaluated; for antigenic properties and the fluid was found to have a better discriminating titre. Postmortem inspection for Cysticercus bovis when compared with the serological tests was less sensitive. For fecal examination, the sedimentation and flotation techniques were conducted and cross reactivity with other helminths were either absent or very low. Further refinement and improvement of both serological test systems is necessary to increase the diagnostic potential. http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/2113 Title: STUDIES ON POULTRY COCCIDIOSIS IN TIYO WEREDA, ARSI ZONE, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE <br/> <br/>Authors: GETACHEW, GARI JIMOLU <br/> <br/>Abstract: The objective of this study was first to investigate the prevalence of poultry coccidiosis and to identify the coccidial species occurring in the study area on local strain and Rhode Island Red breed chicken. The duration of the study was from September up to December, 2003 and the sample size for local strain and RIR breed was 160 and 31 respectively. The study involved questionnaire survey, fecal examination, necropsy examination and identification of coccidial species based on their morphology, predilection site in the intestine and sporulation time. Frequency detection of oocyst in the fecal samples from RIR breed and local strain chicken was 80.65% and 61.25% respectively. This finding indicated that coccidial infection in RIR breed was significantly higher than in local strain chicken (p < 0.05). The lesion score and mean oocyst output per gram feces was also considerably higher in RIR breed than in local strain chicken (p < 0.05, P < 0.001 respectively), which may be the difference due to management system and breed. Clinical coccidiosis occurrence in RIR breed and local strain chicken was 22.58% and 12.25% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in clinical coccidiosis occurrence between the two genotype chickens and system. Eimeria species identified in descending order of their occurrence were E. tenella, E. acervulina, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. mitis. Mixed infections were the predominant in both production systems. E. mitis was tentatively diagnosed for the first time in Ethiopia. The second study was experimental study was conducted to compare the natural resistance of local strain and RIR breed chicken to acute infection with E. tenella field isolate. The resistance was assessed based on measuring and analysis of the parameters; oocyst production, body weight gain/loss, lesion score, packed cell volume and morbidity rate. A total of 218 chicks were assigned for the experiment out of which 141 local strains and 77 RIR breed were randomly allocated into the experimental test and control groups. Sex difference within each genotype was also taken in to account. The test groups were inoculated with 150,000 sporulated oocysts of E. tenella per bird suspended in 1ml distilled water and given per os directly in to the crop. Body weight and packed cell volume measurements were taken for all birds twice, on day 0 and 8 post infection. The birds were necropsied 8 days post infection for lesion score. The morbidity rate in RIR breed was lower (p < 0.001) than the local strain chickens and no mortality during the patent period. Moreover, body weight depression in RIR breed was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the local strain chicken. However, lesion score and oocyst production was significantly higher than the local strain chickens (p < 0.001, p < X 0.001). This indicated RIR breed demonstrated better resistance to overcome the effects of the disease. Differences in natural resistance between males and females were not significant. However, under experimental infection there were some variations to the effects of the disease that females showed significantly higher body weight depression and larger oocyst production than males in both genotype chickens. Key Words: , ,