http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/399 Search the Channel search http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/simple-search http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/4369 Title: Self-help cooperative housing Potentials and limitations as a housing delivery option The case of Tana kebele in Bahir Dar <br/> <br/>Authors: Dawod Abdie <br/> <br/>Abstract: Housing the low income households has been one of the critical urban problems in Ethiopian cities due to high rate of urbanization. The same is true in Bahir Dar. The City Administration aimed to achieve one housing unit for one household in 2015 through integrated systems of housing delivery mechanism, including cooperative housing delivery. Even though cooperative housing was proposed as one strategy for housing the low income and Bureau of Cooperative Promotion is organizing housing cooperatives, currently the role of cooperative housing is not well defined. The land allocation for cooperatives was terminated before three years. The increasing growth of squatter settlements and overcrowding manifests the existing housing problem of the city. This calls for the study of potentials and limitations of each housing delivery options. Based on this the thesis set out to identify the potentials and limitations of aided self- help cooperative housing with scheme of core housing for low income households in Bahir Dar. The unit of analysis is the housing process. The focus is on collective ownership, core house provision, collective action and participation. For the depth study of the housing process case study design is selected. All three aided self-help housing cooperatives are selected in Bahir Dar with the criteria of availability of data, self-help concept and cooperative housing for low income households. Since they have the same structure and the same housing development scheme, they were analyzed as one. Core issues are analyzed from data gathered through document study, observational study, photography and interview of 42 households out of 60. The findings of the study identified that collective ownership, collective action, core house provision and participation of low income households are the potentials which create economic and social benefit for the beneficiaries. Absence of use and social mixity, opportunity cost of being involved in collective over private work (free rider problem) and non-flexible core house design were the identified limitations. The findings reveal that self-help cooperative housing has a potential that could be used as an alternative way of mitigating the housing problem of low income households in the city. Based on the findings in the research the recommendations are forwarded with proposal of design typologies in different contexts of the city. http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/3107 Title: EVALUATION OF SEMEN PARAMETERS IN ETHIOPIAN INDIGENOUS BULLS KEPT AT KALITI, ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION CENTER, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA <br/> <br/>Authors: HUNDERRA, SORI <br/> <br/>Abstract: The semen of six indigenous breeds bulls (Barca, Boran, Horro and Sheko) which were kept at the National Artificial Insemination Center (NAIC), Kaliti, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia were evaluated for physico-morphological parameters (volume, color, mass and individual motility, concentration, total count, percentage live and morphologically normal, total morphologically normal and viable number), biochemical parameters (GOT, GPT, ACP, ALP, total protein) and hormonal assay (testosterone). Semen was collected for a thirteen week period from six indigenous bulls kept at the AI center. The collection was done once per week using an artificial vagina and semen samples were subjected to normal physico-morphological characterization and seminal plasma was separated and preserved at -20 0C until analysis. The overall mean (SE) value for the indigenous bulls in the semen characteristics studied were volume 4.84 (0.20) ml, mass motility 3.15 (0.11), individual motility 68.72 (1.37) percent, concentration 1.54 (0.07) billion/ml, total count 7.35 (0.47) billion/ejaculate, viable number 5.10 (0.33) billion/ejaculate, total morphologically normal number 7.12 (0.45) billion/ejaculate, live percentage 79.73 (0.65), percent morphologic normal 94.70 (0.38), percent normal acrosome 96.99 (0.60), GOT 1530.91 (60.15) U/L, GPT 131.99 (9.36) U/L, ALP 3333.98 (608.84) U/L, ACP 8003.68 (716.06) U/L, total protein 7.38 (0.26) gm/dL, testosterone 2.84 (0.3) ng/ml, head abnormality 1.87 (0.15) %, mid-piece (body) abnormality 1.92 (0.22) %, tail abnormality 1.50 (0.18) %, total abnormality 5.29 (0.38) %, major abnormality 2.25 (0.19) %, minor abnormality 3.04 (0.28) %, acrosome defect 3.0 (0.60) %, narrow at base 0.37 (0.09) %, abnormal contour 0.12 (0.04) %, undeveloped form 0.74 (0.15) %, detached abnormal 0.21 (0.09) %, pear shaped 0.05 (0.02) %, small abnormal 0.05 (0.03) %, abaxial attachment 0.57 (0.11) %, other head abnormality 0.07 (0.03) %, spermatozoa head length 9.18 (0.03) μm, head breadth 4.61 (0.01) μm, mid-piece length 13.61 (0.02) μm, tail length 47.56 (0.1) μm. The semen physico-morphologic and seminal plasma biochemical parameters observed in this study for the Ethiopian indigenous bulls are comparable to normal fertile bulls reported elsewhere based on the evaluation of fresh semen parameters. http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/2860 Title: EPIDEMIOLOGY OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOMOSIS IN THE ABBAY BASIN AREAS OF NORTHWEST ETHIOPIA <br/> <br/>Authors: SHIMELIS, DAGNACHEW NIGATU <br/> <br/>Abstract: Tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis is a serious constraint to livestock production and agricultural development in Ethiopia. Part of Abbay basin (Blue Nile) in northwest Ethiopia is tsetse infested where animal trypanosomosis is a serious threat to economic development. The objectives of the study were to generate a base line data on epidemiology of tsetse and trypanosomosis, to assess trypanocidal drug resistance and to know the community awareness regarding the disease and control methods in the area. The study was conducted between September 2003 to April 2004 in Dembecha and Jabitehenan weredas of the Abbay basin areas of northwest Ethiopia. The study methodology was based on questionnaire survey, seasonal cross-sectional studies of tsetse and trypanosomosis and longitudinal study for the assessment of trypanocidal drug resistance in the field. The questionnaire survey indicated that trypanosomosis is the most important problem affecting the animals and impeding agricultural activity in the area. Entomological survey revealed that Glossina. m. submorsitans was the only prevalent tsetse fly along with other biting tabanid and muscid flies. The apparent fly densities were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the late rainy season (1.08fly/trap/day, 8.78fly/trap/day and 91fly/trap/day) for G. m. submorsitans, tabanids and muscids respectively than the dry season (0.68fly/trap/day, 0.35fly/trap/day and 7.33fly/trap/day) respectively. In the lowland areas (<1600 m. a. s. l.) the apparent density for G. m. submorsitans was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the midland areas (1600-2000 m.a.s.l.) in the both seasons. The altitudinal distribution limit of G. m. submorsitans was upto 1780 m.a.s.l.The proportion of tsetse flies caught was higher in the savanna vegetation type followed by riverine, forest, bush and cultivated lands with maize, teff and horticulture plantations. In the parasitological survey a total of 1,648 animals, 814 in the late rainy season and 834 in the dry season were examined with buffy coat technique and the prevalence of trypanosomosis was 17.07% and 12.35% respectively with a significant difference (p<0.05) between seasons. Higher infection rates found in the lowland areas below 1600 m.a.s.l. (19.87% and 17.62%) than the midland areas ≥1600 m.a.s.l.(13.39% and 6.54%) in the late rainy and dry season respectively with significant difference (p<0.05).The mean PCV values (%) of parasitaemic and aparasitaemic animals during the late rainy season were 20.7±3.5SD VII and 26.6±4.3SD (p<0.001, 95% CI=25.3-25.9) while during the dry season 21.4±3.6SD and 26.6±4.3SD (p<0.001, 95% CI=25.4-25.9) respectively. The regression analysis of herd average PCV from herd prevalence indicated that herd average PCV decreased with increasing prevalence of trypanosome infections with a regression coefficient of negative values in both the seasons. A total of 100 animals were selected for the assessment of Isometamidium chloride (ISMM) and Diminazine aceturate resistance, 50 from each of the high risk villages identified in the area with similar agroecological zones. The selected animals in each village were grouped into 25 in control and 25 in treatment groups and were identified with ear-tags. At day minus 14 of the study all the 100 cattle were treated with Diminazine aceturate at a dose rate of 7mg/kg bw. After two weeks (day 0) the treatment groups were given ISMM at a dose rate of 1mg/kg bw. Both groups of cattle were examined for trypanosome parasite using buffy coat technique every 14 days interval until 84 days. The three indices used in assessing ISMM resistance (the proportion of infection during 8 weeks follow-up period, the 25% survival time and the ratio of mean hazard rates in the control and treatment groups of cattle) provided consistent results across the two villages for the occurrence of ISMM resistant trypanosome infections in the area. There was no significant difference between the Kaplan-Meier survival curve estimates of the control and treatment groups in both villages (p>0.05).The results of Diminazine aceturate efficacy showed 16 animals became recurrent infections with T. congolense but there was no significant difference between trypanosome incidence rate and trypanosome recurrence rate. Therefore, trypanosomosis is the most important problem for agricultural activity and animal production in the Abbay basin areas of northwest Ethiopia (Dembecha and Jabitehenan weredas of Amhara Region) and the situation is getting worse as the control and prevention of trypanosomosis is facing a challenge due to limitation of vector control activities and the development of drug resistance in the area. http://etd.aau.edu.et:80/dspace/handle/123456789/2852 Title: STUDY ON OGADEN SMALL RUMINANT HAEMONCHOSIS: MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO ALBENDAZOLE AND TETRAMISOLE <br/> <br/>Authors: BERSISSA, KUMSA ESETA <br/> <br/>Abstract: The current study was conducted from August 2003 to March 2004 with an attempt to determine the prevalence, morphological characteristics and susceptibility of Ogaden isolate of H. contortus to Albendazole and Tetramisole. During the study period a total of 196 animals (114 sheep and 82 goats) of Ogaden origin were examined. The overall prevalence of Haemonchus species was 91.23% and 82.93 % in sheep and goats respectively. Where as 37.72% and 40.24% prevalence of Trichostrongylus. axei was recorded in sheep and goats respectively. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between different months of the study period for both abomasal parasites. Out of 3187 female Haemonchus worms recovered from sheep for vulvar morph study, 49.49%linguiform, 28.51% knobbed and 23% smooth were recorded. Similarly from goats out of 2386 female Haemonchus, 53.83%linguiform, 18.45% knobbed and 27.61% smooth were recorded. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed among the three major vulvar flaps between different months of the study period in both sheep and goats. A total of 1580 linguiform female Haemonchus from sheep were further classified and differentiated into 27.16%A, 14.80% B, and 5.34%C and 2.18%I. Similarly from goat a total of 1285 linguiform female Haemonchus were identified as 27.35 % A, 17.54% B, and 6.63% C and 2.31% I. With in the linguiform morphotypes, the A type linguiform was noted to exhibit monthly fluctuation (p < 0.05) during the study period. In the current study from a total of 76 sheep a total of 1159 adult male Haemonchus recovered and identified into 95.08% H. contortus, 3.45% H. placei and 1.47%H. longistipes. Similarly from a total of 55goats, 841 male Haemonchus were collected and identified as 96.55%H. contortus, 2.97%H. placei and 0.48 %H. longistipes. With regard to the distribution of mono and/or poly specific Haemonchus species, out of the 76 sheep examined 57.89% were harbouring H. contortus only, 22.37% H. contortus and H. placei, 7.89% H. longistipes and H. placei and the rest 11.84% were having H. contortus, H. placei and H. longistipes. As for goats, out of the 55 animals examined, 58.18% were found to harbour H. contortus mono-species, 38.18% H. contortus and H. placei, 3.64% H. longistipes and H. placei and unlike sheep none was found to harbour triple Haemonchus species. This result unveiled the coexistence and sympatry of two or three Haemonchus species in a single small ruminant host thus requiring the consideration of such heterologous hosts in the control strategy of the parasite. On the other hand, a total of 30 lambs were used for efficacy evaluation of Albendazole and Tetramisole in the controlled experimental study. ix The lambs were divided into four treatment groups of five lambs in each group, one positive and one negative control groups also consisting of five in each group. Exiptol Greece, Albendazole Pakistan, Tetramsole Greece and Duxamintic Pakistan anthelmintics were evaluated by FECRT, controlled anthelmintic efficacy test and egg hatch assay test. Epg was observed to be strong indicator of induced infection in all the infected groups of animals showing statistically very significant difference (p < 0.05) between pre infection, post infection, pretreatment and post-treatment during the entire experimental study period. All the drugs were found to possess a 100% efficacy value up on evaluation by aforementioned efficacy detection techniques indicating also the susceptibility of Ogaden isolate H. contortus to all tested drugs irrespective of their origin. In view of the fact where helminthosis dominated by haemonchosis is confronting animal productivity of the study area, due attention to the disease and control interventions should be launched to minimize any economic loses and increase small ruminant productivity. Any control option that needs to be conducted in the study area should consider the coexistence of two or three species of Haemonchus spp in single host and involvement of heterologous hosts. The efficacy of the evaluated anthelmintics can only be maintained and conserved by wise and better utilization of the existing drugs to prevent the inevitable problem of anthelmintic resistance as the consequence of anthelmintic usage.